Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines

Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines refers to the military history of the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization.

Sandatahang Lakas Armed forces
Kampilan sword on display
Active	c. 900 – 1576
Country	Various (Philippine archipelago)
Branch	Palace guards Capital Defense Artillery Corps Cavalry Corps Infantry Regiments Navy Marines
Type	Army, Navy
Role	Military force
Part of	Feudalism
Garrison/HQ	Tondo Kota Selurong/Maynila Cainta Kalibo Singhapala Kota wato Kota Sug
Engagements	Expeditions Majapahit-Luzon conflict[1] Chinese piracy Bruneian Invasion[2] Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49) Battle of Mactan Battle of Manila (1570) Battle of Bangkusay Channel Siege of Cainta (1571) Spanish Conquest Brunei Civil War
Decorations	Batikan[3]
Battle honours	Gold Slaves[4]
Commanders
Notable commanders	Various Datus, Lakan, Rajahs and Sultans

Background

In the Pre-Colonial era, the Philippine people had their own forces, divided between the islands, each one with its own ruler. These forces were called Sandigs ("Guards"), Kawal ("Knights"), and Tanods. As well as military operations, the forces provided policing and coastal watching functions.

Tactics and Strategies

Raiding

Participating in land and sea raids were an essential part of the duties of the timawa and maharlika. These raids, locally known as pangangayaw, are usually regular annual expeditions undertaken by the community (similar to the Vikings) against enemies and enemies of their allies. Participation and conduct in raids and other battles were recorded permanently by the timawa and the tumao in the form of tattoos on their bodies, hence the Spanish name for them - pintados (literally "the painted ones"). Another strategy used throughout the islands were ambushes where they would lead large enemy troops into an ambush of surrounding men or attacking enemies from behind when their defenses are down. The Spanish conquistador Miguel de Loarca described the preparations and the undertaking of such raids in his book Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582).[5]

Scorched earth tactics

The Rajahnate of Cebu fought against the Moro pirates, known as magalos (literally "destroyers of peace"), from Mindanao.[6] The islands the rajahnate was in, were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally "[the islands] which belong to Daya").

Sri Lumay was noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo ("scorched earth").

Artillery

Native bronze cannons known as Lantaka was extensively used by the indigenous polities throughout the Archipelago, the fortified polity of Maynila and Cainta used various sizes of Lantakas for fort defense. Rajah Sulayman of Maynila was also known to have big iron cannons measuring around 17 ft., it was made by a native blacksmith and cannon maker known as Panday Pira. Several native warships such as the Karakoa and Lanong were equipped with Lela and Lantaka and was used against enemy ships and also for naval bombardment against enemy settlements during raids.

A Karakoa armed with a Lantaka

In Battle of Bangkusay Channel on 1571, a spanish chronicler mentioned that the native warships was equipped with one or two culverins, probably mistaken the lantakas due to lack of knowledge on native names.

Military technology

Infantry

A Kawal holding Sibat

The making of swords involved elaborate rituals that were based mainly on the auspicious conjunctions of planets. The passage of the sword from the maker entailed a mystical ceremony that was coupled with beliefs. The lowlanders of Luzon no longer used the bararao, while the Moros and animists of the South still continue the tradition of making kampilan and kris.[7] Swords (kalis and kampilan) were either straight or wavy double-edged, with bronze or iron blades and hilts made of hardwoods, bone, antler, shell, or, for high ranking individuals, gold encrusted with precious stones. Firearms in the form of matchlock arquebuses were also locally manufactured and used by the natives.[8][9] The arquebus of the Philippines is called astinggal, mostly encountered in muslim-controlled areas of the south.[10] The most fearsome among these native guns was the lantaka, which were portable handheld cannons.[11][7]

Close up of firing mechanism (snap matchlock) and detail of a Malay istinggar, which was called "astinggal" in south Philippines.

Artillery

Collection of Lantakas in a museum.

Pre-colonial filipinos also used larger cannons made of iron and resembling culverins that provided heavier firepower. They were sometimes mounted on a boat or fortification that can be wheeled, allowing the gunner to quickly track a moving target.[7] The iron cannon at Rajah Sulayman's house was about 17 feet long and was made out of clay and wax moulds.[7]

Fortifications

Ancient Filipinos built strong fortresses called kota or moog to protect their communities. The Moros, in particular, had armor that covered the entire body from the top of the head to the toes. The Igorots built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.[7] Spanish descriptions indicate that the typical fortifications consisted of raised earthworks with a wooden palisade along the top (called a "kuta" in Tagalog) surrounded by a ditch or water-filled moat. However, local variations on construction technique were specific to the local environment. In Bicol, bamboo towers called "bantara" were built behind the fortifications as a stand for archers armed with long bows. There are reports of well constructed wooden fortifications around the political centers of Manila, Tondo, Cebu, Mindoro and numerous other coastal towns.

The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas.[12] These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.

The Karakoa

17th-century depiction of a Visayan karakoa from Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas (1668) by Francisco Ignacio Alcina.

Philippine ships, such as the karakoa or korkoa, were of excellent quality and some of them were used by the Spaniards in expeditions against rebellious tribes and Dutch and British forces. Some of the larger rowed vessels held up to a hundred rowers on each side besides a contingent of armed troops. Generally, the larger vessels held at least one lantaka at the front of the vessel or another one placed at the stern.[7] Philippine sailing ships called praos had double sails that seemed to rise well over a hundred feet from the surface of the water. Despite their large size, these ships had double outriggers. Some of the larger sailing ships, however, did not have outriggers.[13]

Armor

The Moros later adopted European armour and firearms during their wars with Spain and rebellion (Embadir), like this of an 18th or 19th century brass morion helmet.[14]

Precolonial Filipinos made excellent armor for use on the battlefield, and swords were an important part of native weaponry. In some parts of the Philippines, armor was made from diverse materials such as cordage, bamboo, tree bark, sharkskin, and water buffalo hide to deflect piercing blows by cutlasses or spear points. Visayan chainmail and cuirasses were called barote: quilted or corded body armor. Spaniards called these "escaupiles", after the cotton-padded exemplars they found in the New World. The barote was woven of thick braided Abacá or bark cords, tight enough to be waterproof and knotted intricately so that cuts did not spread. Burlap was worn against the body under the barote; the body armor itself extended to the elbow and knee with an ankle-length variety with sleeves for manning defenses, although for greater agility confident warriors preferred to go without them. "Pakil" and "batung-batung" were breastplates and back plates made of bamboo bark, hardwood like ebony or in Mindanao, and caraboa horn or elephant hide from Jolo. Sharkskin was used effectively for helmets or "moriones".

Shield

Armors and shields in the Philippines.

Shields were important defensive weapons in all lowland societies of the Philippines. Visayan shields, kalasag, were made of light, fibrous wood designed to enmesh any spear or dagger that penetrated its surface and to prevent their retrieval by the enemy. Shields were strengthened and decorated with an elaborate rattan binding on the front, which was also coated with a resin that turned rock-hard upon drying. These shields were generally 0.5 meters by 1.5 meters in size and, along with missile deflecting helmets, provided full body protection that was difficult to penetrate. Thus, it is not surprising that most of the raids that were successful in terms of taking captives and heads, were surprise ambushes that literally caught the enemy with their shields down.

Historical incidents

Between 1174 and 1190 CE, Chau Ju-Kua, a travelling Chinese government bureaucrat, reported a group of "ferocious raiders" near the coast of Fujian. Chau called them Pishoye and believed they were from the south of Taiwan (Formosa).[15]

In 1365 CE, the Battle of Manila took place between the kingdom of Luzon and the Empire of Majapahit. According to the Nagarakretagama (1365), Majapahit conquered Saludong (the Majapahit term for Luzon and Manila).[16]

in the 1500s, the people of Luzon were called the Luções. They gained power in their region through effective trade and through military campaigns in Myanmar, Malacca and East Timor,[17][18] where Lucoes were employed as traders and mercenaries.[19]

In 1547 CE, Luções warriors supported the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought with the Siamese king against the elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya, where they were employed as traders and mercenaries.[20][21]

In 1521, the Visayan ruler of the indigenous polity of Mactan, Lapu-Lapu in Cebu organized the first recorded military action against the Spanish colonizers in the Battle of Mactan.[22]

The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD.[17] Lucoes (warriors from Luzon) aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya.[23]

In 1570, Battle of Manila was fought in Manila between the native Filipinos led by Rajah Sulayman, a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei, and the Spaniards led by Martin de Goiti, Maestre de Campo on May 24, 1570. The forces under Goiti were victorious and as a result, Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies.

The Battle of Bangkusay, on June 3, 1571, was a naval engagement that marked the last resistance by locals to the Spanish Empire's occupation and colonization of the Pasig River delta, which had been the site of the indigenous polities of Rajahnate of Maynila and Tondo. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of Macabebes, refused to ally with the Spanish and decided to mount an attack at Bangkusay Channel on Spanish forces, led by Miguel López de Legazpi. Sulayman's forces were defeated, and Sulayman himself was killed. The Spanish victory in Bangkusay and Legazpi's alliance with Lakandula of Tondo, enabled the Spaniards to establish themselves throughout the city and its neighboring towns.

When the Spanish forces of Miguel López de Legazpi first established the City of Manila in 1571, Cainta was one of the surrounding polities who went to Manila to negotiate for friendship with Manila. However, Cainta's envoys noted the small size of Legaspi's forces and decided to withdraw their offer of friendship, since Cainta was a fortified polity which was perfectly capable of defending itself. In August 1571, Legazpi assigned his nephew, Juan de Salcedo, to "pacify" Cainta. After travelling several days upriver, Salcedo lay siege to the city, and eventually found a weak spot on the wall. The final Spanish attack over 400 residents of Cainta killed.

From 1660-1673, the Bruneian Empire fought in a civil war, the Sultanate of Sulu provided help for the Sultan Muhyiddin of Brunei. After the Victory of Muhyiddin and his forces, the eastern part of Sabah was given to Sulu Sultanate as the reward for assisting the Muhyiddin's Forces.

See also

• History of the Philippines
• History of the Philippines (900–1521)
• Armed Forces of the Philippines
• Philippine Revolutionary Army
• Burmese–Siamese War
• Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines
• Maharlika
• Timawa
• Juramentado
• List of wars involving the Philippines
• List of conflicts in the Philippines
• Battle of the Philippines

References

1. Myron (1939). "The Study of The Artistic Antiquities of Dutch India". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 4 (1): 59–68. doi:10.2307/2717905. JSTOR 2717905.
2. del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-30.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
3. G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123.
4. Blair, Emma Helen (August 25, 2004). The Philippine Islands. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume II, 1521-1569, by Emma Helen Blair. p. 126, Volume II.
5. Emma Helen Blair; James Alex; er Robertson, eds. (1903). "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582) by Miguel de Loarca". The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume V., 1582-1583: Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands And Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political, Economic, Commercial And Religious Conditions Of Those Islands From Their Earliest Relations With European Nations To The Beginning Of The Nineteenth Century. The A.H. Clark Company (republished online by Project Gutenberg).
6. Marivir Montebon, Retracing Our Roots – A Journey into Cebu’s Pre-Colonial Past, p.15
7. Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines. Accessed September 04, 2008.
8. "10 Reasons Why Life Was Better In Pre-Colonial Philippines". Filipiknow. October 7, 2018
9. Barrows, David P., Ph.D. "THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS". Artes Delas Filipinas.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) October 7, 2018
10. Scott, William Henry. "Cracks in the Parchment Curtain" (1978): 177. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
11. FILIPINO BLADE CULTURE AND THE ADVENT OF FIREARMS
12. "15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History". FilipiKnow. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
13. It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel López de Legazpi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.
14. Herbert W. Krieger (1899). The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 137. Washington: Government Printing Office.
15. Bersales J. "raiding China" Inquirer website 6 June 2013. Accessed 7 August 2017.
16. Malkiel-Jirmounsky M. "The Study of the Artistic Antiquities of Dutch India" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute 1939 4:1 p. 59 – 68. doi:10.2307/2717905 JSTOR 2717905
17. The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 A.D., SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.
18. Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. "First voyage round the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
19. Reid, Anthony (1995). "Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity". In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; Darrell Tryon (eds.). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University.
20. Pires, Tomé (1944). Armando Cortesao (translator) (ed.). A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 - 1515] (in Portuguese). Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.
21. Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). "Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands". Asia in the Making of Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46732-5.
22. "The Death of Magellan, 1521" Eyewitness to History website Accessed 3 August 2017
23. Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya.