List of conflicts in the Philippines

This list of conflicts in the Philippines is a timeline of events that includes pre-colonial wars, Spanish–Moro conflict, Philippine revolts against Spain, battles, skirmishes, and other related items that have occurred in the Philippines' geographical area.[1]

List

conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Ancient times
Highlander clans and tribes against low-land warlords (500 BCE)	Clans and tribes of Ifugao (highlanders) Igorot people Apayao tribes	Warlords of Kalinga (low-landers) Head hunting warriors	Unification of the clans and tribes makes the entire society of Cordillera.
Classical period (Precolonial era)
First Visayan Raid -(Formosa, East China Sea -c. 1174 AD)[2]	Confederation of Madja-as Datu Puti Visayan sea-faring peoples.	Song Dynasty	Successful raiding expedition[3]
Second Visayan Raid -(Formosa, East China Sea -c.1190 AD)[2]	Confederation of Madja-as Datu Suakwel Visayan Sea Fairing peoples.	Song Dynasty	Successful raiding expedition[3]
Expedition (c. 1200 CE)	Ma-i Gat Sa Li-han	Tagalog people of Lusung King Timamanukum	Regime changed, foundation of Tondo
Expedition- Expansion of Tondo Kingdom c. 1220 (High Middle Ages) A Kawal holding Sibat.	Tondo Raja Alon Tagalog people	Kumintang (chiefdom in Batangas).	Fall of Batangas Province to the Tundun Regime
Expedition-Expansion of Tondo Kingdom c. 1221 (High Middle Ages) Tagalog couple from the Maharlika nobility.	Kingdom of Tondo Rajah Alon Tagalog people	Chiefdoms tribes and clans of Ilocos, Pampanga Kapampangans. Ilocano people.	The Provinces of Ilocos Region, Pampanga become part of the Tondun Regime.
Expedition- Expansion of Tondo Kingdom c. 1225 (High Middle Ages) A Warrior armed with a gun.	Kingdom of Tondo Rajah Alon Tagalog people	Chiefdoms tribes and clans of Bicol Ibalon	The Bicol Peninsula becomes part of the Tundun Empire.
Rebellion (1300 CE.) Visayan Nobles	Singhapala (Cebu) Sri Lumay People of Cebu	Chola dynasty maharajah Forces from Sumatra	Establishment of the Rajahnate of Cebu[4]
Battle of Manila (1365) Majapahit-Luzon conflict	Kingdom of Tondo Rajah Alon Tagalog forces *Tondo Naval forces	Majapahit Majapahit Naval forces	Decisive victory Unspecified and disputed battle [5] according to the text Nagarakretagama.
Moro raid - Po-ni provine (modern day Brunei-1369 AD)	Sultanate of Sulu Buranun People	Majapahit Empire Majapahit Fleet	Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulu[6]
Moro raid: Invasion of Palawan - Expansion of Bruneian Empire (Ca. 1477 CE.) Moro Pirates.	Clans and tribes in Palawan Natives from Palawan Tagbanwa people Molbong tribes Taww't Bato Negritos (Aetas) Mangyans Buhid tribes	Bruneian Empire Forces from Brunei Sultanate of Sulu Moro pirates	The Island of Palawan was annexed by the Brunei.[7]
Moro raid: Fall of Huangdom - Expansion of Bruneian Empire Mindoro c. 1500 C.E.	Huangdom of Mai Gat Sa-Lighan Mai Forces Naval forces People of Mindoro and batangas	Bruneian Empire Sultan Bolkiah Naval forces from Brunei	Fall of Huangdom. The (forced) Islamization of Mindoro island and coastal parts Kumintang from the Buddhist Faith.[7][8]
Moro raid:Brunei invasion of Tondo -Expansion of Bruneian Empire c.(1500 CE.) A Malay warrior armed with gun and a sword.	Tondo Senapati Rajah Gambang Queen Kalangitan Tagalog forces	Brunei Sultan Bolkiah Bruneian Forces	Fall of Tondo. Foundation of Kota Selurong (Maynila), a vassal state of Kingdom of Brunei.[9][10] Islamization of Tagalog people specially in Tondo, from the Hindu-Buddhist Faith.
Expeditions (ca. 1400 CE.)	Kingdom of Butuan	Confederation of Madja-as	fall of the Butuan Rajanate
Expeditions (ca. 1440 CE.) A Karakowa ancient Battleship with Lantaka Cannons.	Confederation of Madja-as Datu Padojinog	Sultanate of Sulu[7] Sultan of Sulu	Madja-as victory[lower-alpha 1] withdrawal of Sultanates forces
Expeditions (ca. 1450 CE.)	Confederation of Madja-as Datu Padojinog	Sultanate of Maguindanao	Madja-as victory[lower-alpha 1]
Expeditions (ca. 1457 CE.)	Confederation of Madja-as Datu Padojinog	Chinese pirates	Madja-as victory[lower-alpha 1] Withdrawal of Pirate forces.
Muslim expansion of mindanao- Battle of Malabang, Lanao del Sur , 1475 AD.	Sultanate of Maguindanao SultanMohammed Kabungsuwan Samal Warriors	Non-Muslim natives	Sultanates victory[11]
Coalition (1500 CE.)[12] A Visayan Royal couple.	Confederation of Madja-as Kedatuan of Visayas: Datu Padojinog (Iloilo) Datu Balengkaka (Aklan) Datu Kabnayag (Kalibo) Datu Lubay (San Joaquin) Madyas forces Visayan people	Alliance of the Kota Selurong (Maynila) Sultanate of Sulu Kingdom of Namayan Sponsored by : Brunei. Raja Salalaiah I (Tondo) Sultan Amirul-Umara (Sultan of Sulu)	Madja-as victory failure to conquer the Visayan confederation . Escape of the hotstaged Visayan villagers and Slaves.
Battle of Mactan (1521) Lapu Lapu King of Mactan, slaying Ferdinand Magellan.	Chiefdom of Mactan Island King Lapu Lapu of Cebu	Spanish conquistadors Filipino tribal allies Ferdinand Magellan	Victory death of Magellan, departure of the Spanish expedition
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49)	Toungoo Dynasty (Burma) Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Saw Lagun Ein Thado Dhamma Yaza Mingyi Swe Diogo Soares Forces from Luzon[lower-alpha 2] Royal Burmese Army Royal Burmese Navy Portuguese mercenaries	Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) Maha Chakkraphat Sri Suriyothai † Phra Ramesuan (POW) Phra Mahin Phra Thammaracha (POW) Galeote Pereira Royal Siamese Army Tondo[lower-alpha 2] Rajah Sulayman I Forces from Luzon Tondo Navy Portuguese mercenaries	* Siamese defensive victory Burma claims to regain Upper Tenasserim down to Tavoy (Dawei). * At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king.[lower-alpha 2] Also,Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD.[14]
Colonial Period
Spanish Conquest (1571)	Kingdom of Namayan Empire of Tondo Kingdom of Maynila Confederation of Madja-as King of Namayan Dynasty Lakan of Tondo King of Manila[15] Datu's of Visayas.	Spanish East Indies Spanish conquistadors	Fall of the Luzon and Visayan Kingdoms. Establishment of Spanish colonial territories in Luzon and islands of Visayas.[15]
Philippine revolts against Spain
Dagami Revolt (1565)	Chief Dagami of Gabi Rajah Tupas	Spanish Conquistadors Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro de Arana	Ceasefire execution of Chief Dagami 1567 Treaty of Cebu (1565) 1565[16]
Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639 CE)	Sultanate of Lanao Datus of Lanao Maranao people 6,000 warriors	Spanish Empire Spanish conquistadors Hurtado-de Curcuera Captain Francesco Atienza Captain Pedro Bermudez de Castr Pedro Fernandez del Rio 500 Visayans	Spanish defeat Failure of the conquest and Christianize the Maranao people.
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1568)	Tondo King of Tondo Datu of Manila Bulacan Tagalog people Maharlikas Magat Salamat Prince Pitongatan Agustin De Legaspi Esteban Taes Pedro Balingit the lord of Pandacan Felipe Salonga the lord of Polo Dionisio Capolo(Kapulong) the lord of Candaba Agustín Manuguit Prince Luis Amanicaloa of Tondo Felipe Amarlangagui (the commander-and-chief of Karangla) Lord Omaghicon ( Minister of Navotas) Pampanga Kapampangan people Sponsored by Empire of Japan Luzon Sukezaemon Captain Juan Gayo Empire of Brunei	Spanish Empire Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi Governor-General De Vera Spanish Encomenderos	The uprising failed when they were betrayed to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes. The rebels were arrested, tried and found guilty of treason. Five leading members were exiled to Mexico: Pedro Balinguit (lord of Pandacan), Pitongatan (a prince of Tondo), Felipe Salonga (lord of Polo), Calao (a commander-in-chief of Tondo), and Agustín Manuguit (Minister of Tondo). They were the very first natives of the Philippines to settle in Mexico.
Cagayan Revolt (1565)	Ilocanos, Ibanag tribes	Spanish conquistadors Santiago de Vera	Ceasefire Tax system reformed
Magalat Revolt (Cagayan Valley – 1596)	Chief Magalat of Cagayan People of Cagayan valley	Spanish and Filipino colonial troops Pedro de Chaves	defeat of rebellion Death of Magalat
Bruneian Civil war (1600-1673)	Brunei Sultan Muhyiddin's Forces Sultanate of Sulu Sultan Batara Shah Tengah	Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin's Forces Dayak people	In 1658, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the northern and eastern portion of Borneo to the Sultan of Sulu in compensation for the latter's help in settling the Brunei Civil War in the Brunei Sultanate. Both the Sultanate of Brunei and Sulu later continued to loosely govern the western and eastern part of Sabah respectively as both territories fall into the hand of the British under a series of agreements.
Igorot Revolt (Cordillera 1601)	Ifugao Clans and tribes Igorot people	Spanish conquistadors Francisco de Tello de Guzmán Captain Aranda Spanish colonial troops	Ceasefire The Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.
Sumuroi Revolt (1649-1650)	Agustin Sumuroy	Spanish conquistadors Spanish colonial troops	defeat Agustin Sumuroy was killed by his own men.
Battle of Manila (1762) (part of Seven Years' War)	Spanish garrison of Manila	British fleet and army with troops from East India Company (William Draper)	Manila and Cavite occupied by British until 1764 when treaty concludes war
Cavite Mutiny (1872)	Filipino workers Felipe Ginoves	Colonial government Governor General Rafael Izquierdo Sgt. Ferdinand La Madrid	defeat aftermath of the mutiny, all Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile in Mindanao. Execution of Gomburza and other 44 mutineers.
Spanish Conquest of Mindanao (1888) The Moros on their proas.	Sultanate of Maguindanao	Spanish Empire	Maguindanao become part of the Spanish East indies
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) Regular soldiers of the Philippine army stand at attention for the inspection. Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Miguel was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno.	1896-97 Sovereign Tagalog Nation Katipunan 1897  Republic of Biak-na-Bato 1898 Filipino Revolutionaries Supported by:  United States  Sulu Sultanate	Spain Spanish Philippines Spanish Cuba Spanish Puerto Rico	Peace Treaty (1897) Signing of Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Victory (1898) Resumption of hostilities during Spanish–American War. Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government. Establishment of First Philippine Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as the first President (1899) Official establishment of the Philippine Republican Army (1899) Outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899).
Battle of Manila of 1896 (Manila, Philippines August 29, 1896)	Katipunan	Spain	Defeat
Battle of Imus (Imus, Cavite September 1–3, 1896)	Katipunan Magdalo	Spain	Victory death of General Ernesto de Aguirre
Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897) The Zapote Bridge (1899) two years after the battle	Katipunan Magdalo	Spain	Victory
Battle of Alapan (Imus, Cavite May 28, 1898)	Filipino Revolutionaries	Spain	Victory General Leopoldo Garcia Peña become prisoner of war.
Battle of Manila Bay (near Manila, Philippines May 1, 1898) Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron against the Spanish fleet off Cavite. A vignette portrait of Rear Admiral George Dewey is featured in the lower left.	United States	Spain	Victory
Mock Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines August 13, 1898) "Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.	United States Filipino Revolutionaries	Spain	Victory
Battle of Barrio Yoting (Pilar Capiz, Visayas - December 3, 1898) the Katipuneros.	Katipunan	Spain	Victory
Siege of Baler (Baler, Aurora July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899) Filipino troops of Colonel Tecson in Baler, May 1899. Tecson is to the right of the cannon, Novicio to the left.	República Filipina	Spain  United States	Victory Baler held beyond official cessation of hostilities and cession of Philippine Islands; Failure of American relief efforts; Negotiated armistice June 2, 1899
Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902 Moro Rebellion: 1899-1913 Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899. Wounded American soldiers at Santa Mesa, Manila in 1899	1899-1902  República Filipina Republic of Negros Babaylanes Pulajanes Republic of Zamboanga Limited Foreign Support:  Empire of Japan Shishi 1902-1906 Tagalog Republic Irrenconcilables 1899-1913  Sulu Sultanate Moro people	1899-1902  United States Military Government 1902-1913  United States Insular Government	Defeat Fall of the First Republic. General Emilio Aguinaldo was captured and exiled. American Occupation of the Philippine Islands. The establishment of the Insular Government.
Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines February 4–5, 1899) U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.	República Filipina	United States	Defeat Start of the Philippine–American War.
Battle of Caloocan (Caloocan, Philippines February 10, 1899) Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur observing the battle.	República Filipina	United States	Defeat
Second Battle of Caloocan (Caloocan, Philippines February 22–24, 1899) Filipinos attack the barracks of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers.	República Filipina	United States	Defeat
Battle of Balantang (Balantang, Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines March 10, 1899)	República Filipina	United States	Victory Filipino troops retaking Jaro from the Americans.
Capture of Malolos (Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines March 31, 1899) Filipino soldiers in Malolos	República Filipina	United States	Defeat Capture of the capital.
Battle of Quingua (Quingua - now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines April 23, 1899) Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua	República Filipina	United States	1st Phase: Victory Death of Col. John M. Stotsenburg 2nd Phase: Defeat Filipinos retreated to the North.
Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers (Calumpit, Bulacan, Philippines April 25–27, 1899)	República Filipina	United States	Defeat Retreat to Pampanga
Battle of Tirad Pass[17] (Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 2, 1899) Gen.Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898.	República Filipina	United States	Strategic Victory Tactical Defeat Death of General Gregorio del Pilar Fall of the defence line Filipino forces successfully delay the American advance
Battle of Paye (San Mateo, Manila (now Rizal), Philippines December 19, 1899) Death of Major-General Henry Lawton during the battle.	República Filipina	United States	Initial Victory Death of General Henry Ware Lawton American's 29th Battalion successfully crossed the river at 11 am Filipino forces retreated from San Mateo.
Battle of Pulang Lupa (Marinduque, Philippines September 13, 1900)	República Filipina	United States	Victory
Battle of Mabitac (Mabitac, Laguna, Philippines September 17, 1900) Gen. Juan Cailles.	República Filipina	United States	Victory
Siege of Catubig (Catubig, Philippines April 15–19, 1900)	República Filipina	United States	Victory Filipino guerillas force US from town after 4 days but at high cost
Battle of Makahambus Hill (Cagayan de Oro City, Mindanao, Philippines June 4, 1900)	República Filipina	United States	Victory
Second World war
Japanese invasion of the Philippines (1941-1942) Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942-1944) Allied liberation of the Philippines (1944-1945) Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division.	United States  Philippines Hukbalahap (Co-belligerent)	Japan  Philippine Republic	Defeat Fall of Bataan and Corregidor. Surrender of Filipino-American forces from the Japanese. Establishment of a pro-Japan Council of State. Philippine Commonwealth government forced into exile. Occupation Ongoing Commonwealth Military and Guerrilla war against Japanese occupation forces. Japanese puppet state Second Republic established. Bureau of Constabulary and Makapili established by the Japanese Occupation and Second Republic. Victory Allied forces liberate the Philippines Philippine Constabulary re-established under the Commonwealth regime Surrender of Japan Second Republic is dissolved and the Commonwealth returns The Philippines become independent from the United States
Battle of Bataan (January 7-April 9, 1942) Battle of Corregidor (May 5–6, 1942)	Philippines  United States	Japan	Defeat Fall of Bataan and Corregidor during the Japanese Invasion. Surrender of Filipino-American forces to the Japanese.
Battle of Manila (February 3-March 3, 1945) .	Philippines  United States	Japan	Allied victory American troops and Filipino resistance liberate Santo Tomas Internment Camp, while the Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army units are did not send and operated. Liberated Malacanang Palace from the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division and the Filipino guerrillas, while the Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army units are did not send and operated. Sending of all 48,000 to 85,000 Filipino troops and military officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camp Base in Central and Southern Luzon and become to combat operated for the liberating battles in Manila and aiding guerrillas and Americans was attacking invaded from the Japanese Imperial Marines and Army forces. Fall of Old Spanish Walled City of Intramuros from the joint American and Filipino ground troops aiding resistance force. End for the Battle for the Liberation of Manila was finally cleared, U.S. and Filipino troops liberated around the capital city from the Japanese.
Battle of Bessang Pass (June 14, 1945)	Philippines  United States	Japan	Victory Notable of First Filipino military victory during the liberation campaign
Cold War-era
Hukbalahap Rebellion (1942-1954)	Philippines  United States	Hukbalahap	Victory Huk rebellion ends
Korean War (1950-1953)	United Nations Command including forces from:  South Korea  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  Turkey  Australia  Ethiopia  Philippines  New Zealand  Thailand  Greece  France  Colombia  Belgium  South Africa  Netherlands  Luxembourg	North Korea  Soviet Union  China	Armistice Korean Armistice Agreement leading to division of the Korean peninsula with the establishment of separate North Korea and South Korea nations and the Korean Demilitarized Zone between countries.
Battle of Yultong (Yultong, South Korea 1951)	UN Command:  Philippines 10th Bn Combat Team, PEFTOK Dionisio S. Ojeda	China 44th Division, PVA Xiang Shouzhi	Victory US 3rd Infantry Division successfully withdraws
Vietnam War (1964–1973) Masscared villager in hong Nhi and Phong Nut village, Quang Nam Province	South Vietnam  United States  South Korea  Thailand  Australia  New Zealand  Philippines Kingdom of Laos  Cambodia	North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao  North Korea  China  Soviet Union	Allied Defeat Paris Peace Accords lead to withdrawal of American forces from Indochina. Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
Contemporary-era
Moro insurgency (March 29, 1969 – present) Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – ongoing) M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao.	Philippines  United States (advisers)	Moro National Liberation Front (until 1996) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2014) Abu Sayyaf Other Islamist groups	Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF Ongoing conflict between the Government and Jihadist groups — Abu Sayyaf, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, and others
CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion (1969–present)[18]	Philippines	Communist Party of the Philippines New People's Army National Democratic Front	Indefinite Ceasefire declared
1990 Mindanao crisis (October 4 – 6, 1990)	Philippines	Federal Republic of Mindanao	Victory Arrest of Col. Alexander Noble Disestablishment of the Federal Republic of Mindanao
Capture of UN peacekeepers - Golan Heights, March 6 and May 7, 2013 by Syrian rebel forces (part of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force)	UN peacekeeping forces - Philippine contingent	Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade	Filipino peacekeepers released after UN intervention.[19]
Zamboanga City crisis (September 9–28, 2013) The Zamboanga City Hall where the MNLF intended to hoist the Bangsamoro Republik flag.	Philippines	Bangsamoro Republik / Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)	Victory Dissolution of the Bangsamoro Republik

Gallery

• 
  The Head Axe ,used by the Head-hunters of Kalinga people , A fearsome Melee weapon in Cordillera (Specially against the Ifugao peoples during the Proto-history).
• 
  Inauguration of the First Republic
• 
  Soldiers at the Siege of Baler
• 
  Philippine Army in the Philippine–American War, (at the battle of Paceo - 1900)
• 
  Filipino Soldiers outside Manila,1899.
• 
  The coffins of fallen American Soldiers, (1906).
• 
  a World War II Propaganda poster of Philippine Army of its Resistance against the Japanese Invasion. (1941)
• 
  the flag of Federal Republic of Mindanao by Col. Alexander Noble, during 1990 Mindanao Crisis.
• 
  a Moro insurgent of the Islamic (Moro) insurgency at Mindanao.
• 
  Philippine Marine Private Damaranan rushes up a small ditch to engage role-playing enemy forces while Staff Sgt. John Ross of 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit provides communication during amphibious landing training of Balikatan Exercise.

See also

• Military history of the Philippines
• Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines
• List of wars involving the Philippines
• Battles of the Philippines

References

Notes

1. It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel López de Legazpi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.
2. Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya.[13]

1. Grace Estela C. Mateo. "The Philippines : A Story of a Nation" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
2. Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials. p. 74.
3. Jobers Bersales (June 6, 2013). "Raiding China". Inquirer.net.
4. Jovito Abellana, Aginid & Bayok sa Atong Tawarik 1952. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJovito_AbellanaAginidBayok_sa_Atong_Tawarik1952 (help)
5. Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 34 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003589. JSTOR 313111.
6. History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
7. "Historical Timeline Of The Royal Sultanate Of Sulu Including Related Events Of Neighboring Peoplesby Josiah C". Seasite.niu.edu. 2000-08-30. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
8. "Ma-i / Ma-Yi- / Mindoro". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
9. • Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
10. del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
11. Halili, Christine N. (2004). "The Natural Setting and its People". Philippine History (First ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9712339343. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
12. "Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo". Ilongo.weebly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
13. Ibidem, p. 195. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIbidem (help)
14. Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. "First voyage round the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
15. Gardner, Robert (1995-04-20). "Manila – A History". Philippine Journeys. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
16. Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63. sfn error: no target: CITEREFScott1992 (help)
17. Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
18. "The Never Ending War in the Wounded Land: The New People's Army on Samar". University of Calgary. 12 November 2013.
19. Pinoy peacekeepers will remain in Golan Heights

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External links

• Wars of the Philippines