Wenedyk
Wenedyk is a naturalistic constructed language, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen (who also co-created the international auxiliary language Interslavic). It is used in the fictional Republic of the Two Crowns (based on the Republic of Two Nations), in the alternate timeline of Ill Bethisad. Officially, Wenedyk is a descendant of Vulgar Latin with a strong Slavic admixture, based on the premise that the Roman Empire incorporated the ancestors of the Poles in their territory. Less officially, it tries to show what Polish would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Slavic language. On the Internet, it is well-recognized as an example of the altlang genre, much like Brithenig and Breathanach.
| Wenedyk | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Jan van Steenbergen |
| Date | 2002 |
| Setting and usage | A thought experiment in the alternate history, Ill Bethisad, if Latin had replaced Polish's ancestor. |
| Purpose | |
| Sources | constructed languages a posteriori languages (Romance language based on Polish) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
The idea for the language was inspired by such languages as Brithenig and Breathanach, languages that bear a similar relationship to the Celtic languages as Wenedyk does to Polish. The language itself is based entirely on (Vulgar) Latin and Polish: all phonological, morphological, and syntactic changes that made Polish develop from Common Slavic are applied to Vulgar Latin. As a result, vocabulary and morphology are predominantly Romance in nature, whereas phonology, orthography and syntax are essentially the same as in Polish. Wenedyk uses the modern standard Polish orthography, including (for instance) ⟨w⟩ for /v/ and ⟨ł⟩ for /w/.
Wenedyk plays a role in the alternate history of Ill Bethisad, where it is one of the official languages of the Republic of the Two Crowns. In 2005 Wenedyk underwent a major revision due to a better understanding of Latin and Slavic sound and grammar changes. In the process, the author was assisted by the Polish linguist Grzegorz Jagodziński.
The dictionary on the WWW page linked below contains over 4000 entries.
The language has acquired some media attention in Poland, including a few online news articles and an article in the monthly Wiedza i Życie ("Knowledge and Life").
Spelling and pronunciation
Wenedyk uses the Polish alphabet, which consists of the following 32 letters :
- A Ą B C Ć D E Ę F G H I J K L Ł M N Ń O Ó P R S Ś T U W Y Z Ź Ż
Also, there are seven digraphs, representing five phonemes (ch being identical with h, and rz with ż):
- Ch Cz Dz Dź Dż Rz Sz
Pronunciation is exactly as in Polish. Stress almost always falls on the penultimate syllable. A preposition and a pronoun are generally treated as one word, and therefore, when the pronoun has only one syllable, the preposition is stressed.
(In theory, the construction of Wenedyk enables relatively easy construction of other "Slavo-Romance" languages. The Romance "mirror" for Czech, for example, is called "Šležan"; another for Slovak, although somewhat looser than the other two as it uses a partially Hungarian orthography, is called "Slevan". )
Grammar
Nouns and adjectives
Wenedyk does not have articles. This is a feature that distinguishes Wenedyk from all natural Romance languages. The reason for this is that Vulgar Latin showed only a rudimentary tendency toward the formation of articles, whereas they are absent in Polish and most other Slavic languages.
Nouns, pronouns and adjectives can have three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), two numbers (singular, plural), and three cases:
- the direct case: used for both the subject and the direct object of a sentence. In the sentence: Miej poterz leże libier "My father reads a book", Miej poterz "my father" and libier "a book" are both in the direct case.
- the genitive case: used to indicate possession, for example: siedź potrze "my father's chair", rzejna Anglie "the queen of England".
- the dative case: used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence, for example: Da mi ił libier "Give me that book", Da mi łu "Give it to me".
Wenedyk also has a vocative case. In most cases it has the same form as the direct case, but there are exceptions: O potrze! "Oh father!"
Nouns can be subdivided into four declensions. They are similar to the declension system in Latin:
- the first declension are all words on -a, the vast majority of which are feminine;
- the second declension are mostly masculine and neuter words ending with a consonant. It is a mixture of the second and fourth declension in Latin;
- the third declension are mostly feminine words ending with a soft consonant;
- the fourth declension are words on -ej, it matches the Latin fifth declension.
Adjectives always agree in gender, number and case with the noun they modify. They can be placed both before and after it.
Pronouns
Unlike nouns, adjectives and other pronouns, personal pronouns do not use the direct case, but preserve the distinction between the nominative and accusative instead. They are displayed in the following chart:
| singular | plural | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first person | second person | third person | first person | second person | third person | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||||
| Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. |
jo mie miej mi |
ty cie ciej ci |
ił łu łu li |
ła łą lej lej |
łu łu łu li |
nu nosz nosz nów |
wu wosz wosz wów |
li łosz łór lew |
le łasz łar lew |
le le łór lew |
| English | I me mine to me |
thou, you thee, you thine, yours to thee, to you |
he him his to him |
she her hers to her |
it it its to it |
we us ours to us |
you you yours to you |
they them theirs to them | ||
Verbs
Verbs are inflected for person, number, mood and tense. The forms in the present tense are:
- 1 sg. – jemu "I love"
- 2 sg. – jemasz "you love"
- 3 sg. – jema "he/she loves"
- 1 pl. – jemamy "we love"
- 2 pl. – jemacie "you love"
- 3 pl. – jemą "they love"
Because Latin and Proto-Slavonic had virtually identical person/number inflections, Wenedyk and Polish do also.
Wenedyk verbs have the following moods and tenses:
- infinitive – jemar "to love"
- present tense – jemu "I love, I am loving"
- imperfect – jemawa "I loved"
- perfect – jemie " I have loved"
- future tense (imperfective) – joru jemar "I will love, I will be loving"
- future tense (perfective) – jemaru "I will have loved"
- conditional mood – jemarsi "I would love, I would have loved"
- imperative mood – jem "love!"
- present active participle – jemęć "loving"
- perfect passive participle – jematy "beloved"
Word list
Wenedyk vocabulary as published on the internet consists of over 4000 words. Because of how it was developed from Vulgar Latin, Wenedyk words are closest to Italian, but with phonologic differences from Italian which may be compared to those distinguishing Portuguese from Spanish. The following charts of 30 shows what Wenedyk looks like in comparison to a number of other Romance languages; note that unlike Brithenig, where one-quarter of the words resembled Welsh words, only four Wenedyk words (not counting szkoła, borrowed into Polish from Latin) resemble Polish words, due to the Slavic languages' greater distance from the Romance languages compared to the Celtic languages:
| Term | Latin | Italian | Wenedyk | Polish | Romanian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arm | brachium | braccio | brocz | ramię | braţ |
| black | nĭger, nĭgrum | nero | niegry | czarny | negru |
| city, town | cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem | città | czytać | miasto | oraş, cetate |
| death | mŏrs, mŏrtem | morte | mroć | śmierć | moarte |
| dog | canis | cane | kań | pies | câine |
| ear | auris, aurĭcŭla | orecchio | urzykła | ucho | ureche |
| egg | ovum | uovo | ów | jajko | ou |
| eye | ŏcŭlus | occhio | okieł | oko | ochi |
| father | pater, patrem | padre | poterz | ojciec | tată |
| fire | ignis, fŏcus | fuoco | fok | ogień | foc |
| fish | pĭscis | pesce | pieszcz | ryba | peşte |
| foot | pĕs, pĕdem | piede | piedź | stopa | picior |
| friend | amīcus | amico | omik | przyjaciel | amic |
| green | vĭrĭdis | verde | wierdzi | zielony | verde |
| horse | ĕquus, cabăllus | cavallo | kawał | koń | cal |
| I | ĕgo | io | jo | ja | eu |
| island | īnsŭla | isola | izła | wyspa | insulă |
| language, tongue |
lĭngua | lingua | lęgwa | język | limbă |
| life | vīta | vita | wita | życie | viaţă |
| milk | lac, lactis | latte | łoc | mleko | lapte |
| name | nōmen | nome | numię | imię | nume |
| night | nŏx, nŏctis | notte | noc | noc | noapte |
| old | vĕtus, vetulus | vecchio | wiekły | stary | vechi |
| school | schŏla | scuola | szkoła | szkoła | şcoală |
| sky | caelum | cielo | czał | niebo | cer |
| star | stēlla | stella | ścioła | gwiazda | stea |
| tooth | dĕns, dĕntem | dente | dzięć | ząb | dinte |
| voice | vōx, vōcem | voce | wucz | głos | voce |
| water | aqua | acqua | jekwa | woda | apă |
| wind | vĕntus | vento | więt | wiatr | vânt |
| Term | Portuguese | Spanish | Catalan | Occitan | French | Rhaeto-Romance | Wenedyk | Brithenig |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arm | braço | brazo | braç | braç | bras | bratsch | brocz | breich |
| black | negro | negro | negre | negre | noir | nair | niegry | nîr |
| city, town | cidade | ciudad | ciutat | ciutat | cité | citad | czytać | ciwdad |
| death | morte | muerte | mort | mòrt | mort | mort | mroć | morth |
| dog | cão | perro | gos | gos, can | chien | chaun | kań | can |
| ear | orelha | oreja | orella | aurelha | oreille | ureglia | urzykła | origl |
| egg | ovo | huevo | ou | uòu | œuf | ov | ów | ew |
| eye | olho | ojo | ull | uèlh | œil | egl | okieł | ogl |
| father | pai | padre | pare | paire | père | bab | poterz | padr |
| fire | fogo | fuego | foc | fuòc | feu | fieu | fok | ffog |
| fish | peixe | pez | peix | peis | poisson | pesch | pieszcz | pisc |
| foot | pé | pie | peu | pè | pied | pe | piedź | pedd |
| friend | amigo | amigo | amic | amic | ami | ami | omik | efig |
| green | verde | verde | verd | verd | vert | verd | wierdzi | gwirdd |
| horse | cavalo | caballo | cavall | caval | cheval | chaval | kawał | cafall |
| I | eu | yo | jo | ieu | je | jau | jo | eo |
| island | ilha | isla | illa | illa | île | insla | izła | ysl |
| language, tongue | língua | lengua | llengua | lenga | langue | linguatg, lieunga |
lęgwa | llinghedig, llingw |
| life | vida | vida | vida | vida | vie | vita | wita | gwid |
| milk | leite | leche | llet | lach | lait | latg | łoc | llaeth |
| name | nome | nombre | nom | nom | nom | num | numię | nôn |
| night | noite | noche | nit | nuèch | nuit | notg | noc | noeth |
| old | velho | viejo | vell | vièlh | vieux | vegl | wiekły | gwegl |
| school | escola | escuela | escola | escòla | école | scola | szkoła | yscol |
| sky | céu | cielo | cel | cèl | ciel | tschiel | czał | cel |
| star | estrela | estrella | estrella | estela | étoile | staila | ścioła | ystuil |
| tooth | dente | diente | dent | dent | dent | dent | dzięć | dent |
| voice | voz | voz | veu | votz | voix | vusch | wucz | gwg |
| water | água | agua | aigua | aiga | eau | aua | jekwa | ag |
| wind | vento | viento | vent | vent | vent | vent | więt | gwent |
Example
Potrze nostry, kwały jesz en czałór, sąciewkaty si twej numię.
Owień twej rzeń.
Foca si twa włątać, komód en czału szyk i sur cierze.
Da nów odzej nostry pań kocidzany.
I dziemieć nów nostrze dziewta, komód i nu dziemiećmy świew dziewtorzew.
I nie endycz nosz en ciętaceń, uta liwra nosz dzie mału.
Nąk twie są rzeń i pociestać i głurza, o siąprz. Amen.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article I
Tuci ludzie noską sie liwrzy i jekwali z rześpiece świej dzińtacie i swór drzecór. Li są dotaci ku rocenie i koszczęce i dziewię ocar piara wyniałtru en jenie frotrzeńtacie.
Similar languages
In the Ill Bethisad universe, there are two other languages which are related to Wenedyk: Slevan, which is spoken in that universe's counterpart of Slovakia; and Šležan, or Silesian, spoken in Silesia. Šležan mirrors Czech in much the same way Wenedyk does Polish, whereas Slevan, despite being located in Slovakia, is more similar to Hungarian and Croatian in its orthography. (The Romance "mirror" of Slovak is a dialect of Slevan spoken in Moravia called Moravľaňec.) (As if in compensation, Croatian in Ill Bethisad is forced to be noticeably different from Serbian by being made to resemble the now-virtually-missing Czech and Slovak. )
Additionally, in the famous The Adventures of Tintin series, the fictional language Syldavian may be thought of as the Germanic counterpart of Wenedyk, showing what Polish might have looked like if it were a Germanic and not a Slavic language. The nearly extinct Wymysorys language provides another real-life example of this. Ill Bethisad also has such a "Slavo-Germanic" language: Bohemian, spoken in that universe's Czech Republic, developed by amateur Czech linguist Jan Havliš.
References
- Tilman Berger, Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen, in: M. Okuka & U. Schweier, eds., Germano-Slavistische Beiträge. Festschrift für P. Rehder zum 65. Geburtstag, München 2004, pp. 19–28. Cites Wenedyk as an example of Slavic-based extrapolated conlangs.
- Michał Foerster, Wariacje literackie: o językach, in: Esencja, no. 07/2008 (LXXIX), August–September 2008.
- Dorota Gut, : Now@ Mow@ ("New Language"), in: Wiedza i Życie, February 2004. This article is mostly, but not exclusively, about Wenedyk.
- Jakub Kowalski, Wymyślone języki, on: Relaz.pl, 2 March 2007.
- Stefan Michael Newerkla, "Auf den Spuren des ř in den slawischen Sprachen und rund um den Globus", in: Johannes Reinhart & Tilmann Reuther, eds., Ethnoslavica: Festschrift für Herrn Univ. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Neweklowsky zum 65. Geburtstag; Beiträge des internationalen Symposiums des Instituts für Slawistik der Universität Klagenfurt in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Slawistik der Universität Wien, Klagenfurt, 7.-8. April 2006, München-Wien: Otto Sagner, 2006, p. 212.
- Paul J.J. Payack, A Million Words and Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting the World, 2008, p. 193.
- Ziemowit Szczerek, Świat, gdzie Polska nie jest Polską, on: Interia.pl, 26 September 2008.
- Romance glossary. A list of common words in all Romance languages, including Wenedyk and Brithenig.
External links
- Wenedyk (in English)