Wiradjuri language

Wiradjuri (/wəˈrædʒʊri/;[4] many other spellings, see Wiradjuri) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup. It is the traditional language of the Wiradjuri people of Australia. A progressive revival is underway, with the language being taught in schools. Wiraiari and Jeithi may have been dialects.[5][6]

Wiradjuri
Wirraaydhuurray
Wirraayjuurray
RegionNew South Wales
EthnicityWiradjuri, Weraerai, ?Jeithi
Native speakers
30 (2005)[1]
Dialects
  • Wirraayaraay (Wiraiari)
  • ? Jeithi
Language codes
ISO 639-3wrh
Glottologwira1262
AIATSIS[2]D10
ELPWiradjuri[3]

Reclamation

The Wiradjuri language is taught in primary schools, secondary schools and at TAFE in the towns of Parkes and Forbes & Condobolin. Northern Wiradjuri schools such as Peak Hill, Dubbo (several schools), Narromine, Wellington, Gilgandra, Trangie, Geurie are taught Wiradjuri by AECG Language & Culture Educators. All lessons include both indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.[7] As of 2017 the language is also being taught in Young where it has been observed as having a positive impact on the number of pupils self identifying as Aboriginal.[8]

Dictionary

The process of reclaiming the language was greatly assisted by the publication in 2005 of A First Wiradjuri Dictionary[9] by elder Stan Grant Senior and consultant Dr John Rudder. John Rudder described the dictionary: "The Wiradjuri Dictionary has three main sections in just over 400 B5 pages. The first two sections, English to Wiradjuri, and Wiradjuri to English, have about 5,000 entries each. The third sections lists Names of Things grouped in categories such as animals, birds, plants, climate, body parts, colours. In addition to those main sections the dictionary contains an introduction to accurate pronunciation, a basic grammar of the language and a sample range of sentence types." A revised edition,[10] holding over 8,000 words, was published in 2010[11] and launched in Wagga Wagga, with the launch described by the member for Wagga Wagga to the New South Wales Parliament.[12][13] A mobile app based on the book is also available for iOS, Android and a web based version.[14] A Grammar of Wiradjuri language[15] was published in 2014.

Phonology

Consonants
Peripheral Laminal Apical
Labial Velar Dental Palatal Alveolar
Stop b ɡ d̪ ɟ d
Nasal m ŋ n̪ ɲ n
Lateral l
Rhotic r
Approximant w j ɹ

Vowels
Short Long
Close ɪ iː
Open ə aː
Back ʊ oː~uː

[16]

Sample vocabulary

"Wagga Wagga"
Route 41 Wagga Wagga sign (Mills St)

The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people and the term "Wagga" and derivatives of that word in the Wiradjuri language is thought to mean 'crow'. To create the plural, reduplication is done, thus "Wagga Wagga" translates to "the place of many crows".[17] It is also argued by some that the name means 'dances and celebrations',[18] and others suggest the name means 'reeling like a drunken man'.[19]

Ngamadidj

The term Ngamadidj ("ghost", or "white people"), used in the Kuurn Kopan Noot language in Victoria, is also recorded as being used in Wellington, New South Wales by local Wiradjuri people about a missionary there.[20]

Animals
English Wiradjuri
animal (in general) gidyira, balugan
animal (male) wambi
animal (female) gunal
baby (chicken or pup) mangga
bat ngarradan
bat/bird (in general) budyaan
bilby ngundawang, bilbi, balbu, barru
brushtail possum (male) gidyay
brush-tailed rock-wallaby wirrang, barrbay
bunyip waawii seema
butterfly budyabudya
cattle gurruganbalang
cockatiel guwariyan
common wallaroo walaruu, yulama
dingo yugay, warragul, dinggu, dawarang, garingali (female)
dog mirri
echidna wandayali, wandhayirra, ganyi, ginaginbaany, guwandiyala, wambiyala
emu dinawan
frog gulaangga
horse yarraman
horse (stallion) yindaay
kangaroo wambuwany
koala burrandhang
kookaburra gugubarra
long-nosed bandicoot gurawang, guyand, gurang
magpie garuu
owl ngugug
platypus biladurang
possum wilay
red kangaroo (female) bandhaa
snake gadi
sugar glider gindaany
swan dhundhu
quoll mabi, babila, mugiiny-mabi
wombat wambad

Family
English Wiradjuri
mother gunhi
father babiin
son wurrumany
sister (older) mingaan
sister (younger) minhi
brother (older) gaagang
brother (younger) gagamin
girl migay
boy birrany
baby gudha
grandmother badhiin, baaydyin

Numbers
English Wiradjuri
one ngumbaay
two bula
three bula ngumbaay
four bungu, bula bula
five marra[lower-alpha 1]
six marra ngumbaay
seven marra bula
eight marra bula ngumbaay
nine marra bungu
ten marra marra, dyinang

Anatomy
English Wiradjuri
backside bubul
chest birring
eye mil
hand marra[lower-alpha 1]
testicles buurruu, garra
  1. These two words share the same meaning.

Verbs
English Wiradjuri
to dance waganha
to dig wangarra
to laugh gindanha
to swim bambinya

Other
English Wiradjuri
yes ngawa
no wiray
home gunya
money/pebbles walang

Introductions
English Wiradjuri
What's your name? Widyu-ndhu yuwin ngulung?
My name is James. Yuwin ngadhi James.
Who's this one? Ngandhi nginha?
This is mother. Nginha gunhi.

Greetings
English Wiradjuri
Are you well? Yamandhu marang?
Yes, I'm well. Ngawa baladhu marang.
That's good. Marang nganha.

Influence on English

The following English words come from Wiradjuri:

Notes
  1. "Wiradhuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  2. D10 Wiradjuri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  3. Endangered Languages Project data for Wiradjuri.
  4. "Wiradjuri". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  5. Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxiv.
  6. There is quite some confusion over the names Wirraayarray, Wiriyarray, and Wirray Wirray. See AIATSIS:Wirraayaraay.
  7. How a language transformed a town
  8. "Young blood keeping ancient Indigenous languages alive". SBS News. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  9. Rudder, John; Grant, Stan, 1940- (2005), A first Wiradjuri dictionary : English to Wiradjuri, Wiradjuri to English and categories of things, Restoration House, ISBN 978-0-86942-131-4CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. Wiradjui Dictionary, Stan Grant (SNR) and Dr John Rudder, 2010
  11. Grant, Stan; Grant, Stan, 1940-; Rudder, John (2010), A new Wiradjuri dictionary, Restoration House, ISBN 978-0-86942-150-5CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ABC news interview with Grant
  13. Hansard of Parliament of New South Wales, Daryl Maguire & Barry Collier, 12 November 2010
  14. "Wiradjuri Dictionary - RegenR8". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  15. Grant, Stan; Rudder, John, (author.) (2014), A grammar of Wiradjuri language, Rest, ISBN 978-0-86942-151-2CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Grant; Rudder, Stan; John (2010). A New Wiradjuri Dictionary.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. "History".
  18. "Wagga Wagga officially drops 'crow' and adopts city's Aboriginal meaning as 'dance and celebrations'".
  19. "Wagga Wagga - The Name".
  20. Clark, Ian; Cahir, Fred (2014). "6. John Green, Manager of Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, but also a ngamadjidj? New insights into His Work with Victorian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century". In Brett, Mark; Havea, J. (eds.). Colonial Contexts and Postcolonial Theologies: Storyweaving in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–144. doi:10.1057/9781137475473_9. ISBN 978-1-349-50181-6. Retrieved 12 July 2020. Whole e-book
  21. Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., p 977.
  22. Oxford Dictionary of English, p 1,451
  23. Oxford Dictionary of English, p 1,452

References
  • Günther, James (1892). "Grammar and Vocabulary of the Aboriginal dialect called Wirradhuri". In Fraser, John (ed.). An Australian Language. Sydney: Government printer. pp. 56–120 of appendix.
  • Hale, Horatio (1846). "The languages of Australia". Ethnography and philology. Vol VI of Reports of the United States Exploring Expedition, under the command of Charles Wilkes. New York: Lea and Blanchard. pp. 457–531.
  • Hosking, Dianne; McNicol, Sally (1993). Wiradjuri. Panther Publishing.
  • Mathews, R. H. (July–December 1904). "The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 34. 34: 284–305. doi:10.2307/2843103. JSTOR 2843103.
  • McNicol, Sally; Hosking, Dianne (1994). "Wiradjuri". In Nick Thieberger, William McGregor (ed.). Macquarie Aboriginal Words. Sydney: Macquarie Library. pp. 79–99.
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