Women in Cambodia

Women in Cambodia are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, "light" walkers, well-mannered,[2] industrious,[3] belong to the household, act as the family's caregivers and caretakers[2] and financial administrators,[3] perform as the "preserver of the home", maintain virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,[2] and act as advisors to their husbands.[3] The "light" walking and refinement of Cambodian women is further described as being "quiet in […] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their silk skirt rustling".[3] As financial administrators, the women of Cambodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.[4]

Women in Cambodia
Gender Inequality Index
Value0.473 (2012)
Rank96th
Maternal mortality (per 100,000)250 (2010)
Women in parliament18.1% (2012)
Females over 25 with secondary education11.6% (2010)
Women in labour force79.2% (2011)
Global Gender Gap Index[1]
Value0.683 (2018)
Rank93rd out of 153
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In recent years, women have become more active in the traditionally male-dominated spheres of work and politics in Cambodia.

Work
Cambodian woman

In the wake of the Cambodian Civil War, Cambodia suffered a deficit in the number of male laborers. Thus, women took over responsibilities that were commonly and principally done by Cambodian men.[3] Under Cambodian law, women are to receive "equal pay for equal work". In practice most women receive lower wages than their male counterparts.[3] During the 1990s, many "uneducated young women" from rural areas ventured into the city to work in garment factories.[3]

In 2004, the organisation Gender and Development for Cambodia stated that 6% of the female workforce in Cambodia is paid.[5]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Cambodia
A Buddhist nun in Cambodia.

Cambodian women are generally active in worshipping at Buddhist temples and participating in religious ceremonies, particularly during the thngai sil (English: "holy days"). Some women not only participate as worshippers, but become Buddhist nuns (yeay chi) themselves, especially the widowed and the elderly.

Education
Main article: Education in Cambodia

45% of Cambodian women were reported as being illiterate in 2004. 16% of Cambodian girls were enrolled in lower secondary schools in 2004.[5] Many Cambodian girls have been kept from education due to several factors. One factor is that they are needed at home to take care of younger siblings, perform household duties, and support the head of the home. Other factors include extreme poverty, the prohibitive distance of schools from many rural houses, and sometimes even fears for their safety when traveling alone from home to school.[3]

Women are increasingly present in Cambodia's universities. As of 2004, 20% of graduates from universities were female.[5]

Political status

In general, from the 1980s up to the present, the number of female participants in Cambodian politics has remained low, and they are under-represented in high-level positions at both the local and national levels of the government.[3] Since 1993 there has been a modest rise in Cambodian women's participation, including leadership, in non-governmental organizations focusing on the issues and rights of women.[3]

It was reported in 2004 that 10% of National Assembly members, 8% of Commune Council members and 7% of judges were women.[5]

In Cambodian legislation and indeed the country's history, men and women have always technically had equal rights before the law.[3] This proclamation is also stated in the Constitution of Cambodia.[3] Women benefit from inheritance laws, wherein they can own property, they can "bring property into a marriage", they can retrieve the said property if they decide to do so, and they can easily obtain a divorce.[3] Cambodia outlawed marital rape in 2005.[6]

Prostitution
Further information: Prostitution in Cambodia

Prostitution in Cambodia involves the hiring or forcible prostitution of both local women[3] and women from Vietnam,[7] and is being linked to the sex trade in nearby Thailand. In part because of the spread of prostitution, around 2.8% of Cambodia's population are infected with HIV/AIDS.[3]

Sex trafficking
Main article: Sex trafficking in Cambodia

Cambodian women and girls have been sex trafficked within the country and throughout the world.[8] They are threatened and forced into prostitution, marriages, and or pregnancies.[9]

Welfare

In rural communities, Cambodian women are susceptible to domestic violence, and in practice have "little legal recourse". [4] Due to limited women's education, some Cambodian women are unable to protect themselves from discrimination, gender inequality, violence, and abuse, because they are not aware of their legal rights, and are also ignorant of global human rights standards.[5]

Gender and Development for Cambodia reported in 2004 that "23% of women have suffered physical domestic abuse".[5]

Social status
A young Cambodian waitress waiting on customers.

Contrary to traditional Cambodian culture, young Cambodian women have been influenced by Western ways in recent years. One trend is that some young female Cambodians, particularly in the capital of Phnom Penh, overtly consume liquors and other alcoholic beverages in restaurants. Other perceived Western influences include the sense of having equal rights between men and women, a sense of peer pressure, companionship, experimentation, family troubles, abandonment by a boyfriend, and increasingly, advertising.[10]

See also

References
  1. "The Global Gender Gap Report 2018" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 10–11.
  2. Chey, Elizabeth. The Status of Khmer Women, Mekong.net
  3. The Status of Women in Society, seasite.niu.edu
  4. Gender Roles and Statuses, everyculture.com
  5. The Status of Women in Cambodia, Gender and Development for Cambodia, online.com.kh
  6. UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) (20 January 2011). "Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture: Cambodia". CAT/C/KHM/CO/2. Retrieved 8 March 2011.CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. Cambodia, Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation, uri.edu
  8. "Cambodia UN ACT". UN ACT.
  9. "Inside the world of Cambodia's child sex trade, as told through the eyes of a survivor". ABC News. March 8, 2017.
  10. Women in Cambodia are increasingly becoming social drinkers. Phnom Penh Post. April 6, 2011.

Further reading
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