1828 in science
The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy
- Félix Savary computes the first orbit of a visual double star when he calculates the orbit of the double star Xi Ursae Majoris.
Biology
- April 27 – London Zoo opens in Regent's Park for members of the Zoological Society of London.[1]
- Karl Ernst von Baer lays the foundations of the science of comparative embryology with his book Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere. He published von Baer's laws.
- Martin Lichtenstein publishes a monograph on the Dipodidae, Über die Springmäuse, in Berlin.
- Belfast Botanic Gardens open.
Chemistry
- Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius produces a table of atomic weights and discovers thorium.
- Urea becomes the first organic compound to be artificially synthesised, by Friedrich Wöhler, establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and potentially disproving a cornerstone of vitalism, the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science in the way inanimate objects are.[2][3]
- The van Houten family of the Netherlands invent a press to remove about 50% of the cocoa butter from chocolate.[4]
Medicine
- February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.
- April 17 – Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.
- December 24 – Burke and Hare murders: William Burke is sentenced to hang for his part in the murder of 17 victims to provide bodies for dissection by Edinburgh anatomist Robert Knox.
- F. Maury publishes Traité Complet de l'Art du Dentiste, the first handbook of dentistry.[5]
Paleontology
- January 7 – Rev. Henry Duncan describes his discovery of the fossil footmarks of quadrupeds (Chelichnus duncani) in Permian red sandstone in south west Scotland, the first scientific report of a fossil track.[6]
- December – Mary Anning discovers Britain's first pterosaur fossil at Lyme Regis on the Jurassic Coast of England.
- Adolphe Theodore Brongniart publishes Prodrome d'une histoire des Végétaux Fossils, a study of fossil plants.
Physics
- Self-taught English mathematician George Green publishes An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism[7] in Nottingham, the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, introducing a form of divergence theorem (a version of Green's theorem), the idea of potential theory, and the concept of what will come to be called Green's functions.[8][9]
- Irish astronomer William Rowan Hamilton publishes Theory of Systems of Rays.
Technology
- October 1 – James Beaumont Neilson of Scotland patents the hot blast process for ironmaking.[10]
- Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.
- The brothers John and Charles Deane produce the first diving helmet by adaptation of a smoke helmet produced for them by Augustus Siebe.[11]
- Scottish architect Peter Nicholson sets out a method of preparing stones for construction of a helicoidal skew arch.[12][13][14]
- John Deats obtains his first United States patent for an improved plow.
Institutions
- Imperial Petersburg Institute of Technology established in the Russian Empire.
Awards
- Copley Medal: not awarded[15]
Births
- April 17
- Sampson Gamgee (died 1886), Tuscan-born English surgeon.
- Johanna Mestorf (died 1909), German prehistoric archaeologist.
- March 24 – Jules Verne (died 1905), French science fiction author.
- April 29 – Étienne Stéphane Tarnier (died 1897), French obstetrician.
- May 8 – Jean Henri Dunant (died 1910), Swiss founder of the Red Cross.
- June 21 – Ferdinand André Fouqué (died 1904), French geologist and petrologist.
- July 23 – Jonathan Hutchinson (died 1913), English physician.
- August 6 – Andrew Taylor Still (died 1917), American "father of osteopathy".
- August 28 – William A. Hammond (died 1900), American military physician and neurologist.
- September 15 – Aleksandr Butlerov (died 1886), Russian chemist.
- October 31 – Joseph Swan (died 1914), English surgeon.
- November 22 – Lydia Shackleton (died 1914), Irish botanical artist.
Deaths
- March 17 – James Edward Smith (born 1759), English botanist.
- March 23 – David Friesenhausen (born 1756), German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer.
- July 5 – Andrew Duncan (born 1744), Scottish physician.
- August 8 – Carl Peter Thunberg (born 1743), Swedish botanist.
- August 22 – Franz Joseph Gall (born 1758), German-born neuroanatomist.
- December 22 – William Hyde Wollaston (born 1766), English chemist.
References
- "April 27". Today in Science History. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute.
- Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83-87. ISBN 9780941901123.
- Spadaccini, Jim. "The Sweet Lure of Chocolate". Exploratorium. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
- Puschmann, Theodor. Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin. 3. Jena. p. 384.
- Duncan, Henry (January 1828). "An Account of the Tracks and Footmarks of Animals found impressed on Sandstone in the Quarry of Cornockle Muir in Dumfriesshire". Royal Society of Edinburgh. 11 (1): 194–209. doi:10.1017/S0080456800021906. Retrieved 2016-04-17. Published 1831.
- Green, George (1828). An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism. Nottingham: T. Wheelhouse. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
- Ferrers, N. M. (ed.). Mathematical papers of the late George Green.
- Cannell, D. M. (1999). "George Green: An Enigmatic Mathematician". American Mathematical Monthly. 106 (2): 136–151. doi:10.2307/2589050. JSTOR 2589050.
- Gale, W.K.V. (1981). Ironmaking. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. p. 22. ISBN 0-85263-546-X.
- Bevan, John (1996). The Infernal Diver: the lives of John and Charles Deane, their invention of the diving helmet and its first application... London: Submex. pp. 28–33. ISBN 0-9508242-1-6.
- Nicholson, Peter (1828). A Popular and Practical Treatise on Masonry and Stone-cutting. London: Thomas Hurst, Edward Chance & Company. pp. 39–60.
- Welch, Henry (1837). Loudon, John Claudius (ed.). "On the Construction of Oblique Arches". Architectural Magazine. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. IV: 90.
The stones were cut, or dressed, previously to the erection of the centre
- Schofield, Reginald B. (2000). Benjamin Outram, 1764–1805: An Engineering Biography. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. pp. 149–154. ISBN 1-898937-42-7.
- "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
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