1923 Costa Rican general election

General elections were held in Costa Rica on 2 December 1923.[1] Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno of the Republican Party won the presidential election, whilst the party also won the parliamentary election, in which they received 51.5% of the vote.[2] Voter turnout was 70.5% in the presidential election and 83.9% in the parliamentary election.[3]

1923 Costa Rican general election

2 December 1923
Turnout	69,577
Nominee Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno Alberto Echandi Montero Jorge Volio Jiménez Party Republican Agricultural Reformist Home state Cartago San José San José Popular vote 29,843 26,244 14,132 Percentage 42.5% 37.3% 20.1%
President before election Julio Acosta Republican Elected President Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno Republican

Background

The newly founded Agricultural Party chooses its presidential nominee at a convention held at the Teatro El Trébol between the aristocrat Alberto Echandi Montero and the ex-president Rafael Yglesias Castro, receiving 231 and 123 votes respectively, although Yglesias requested the attendees to support Echandi then thought about retiring from politics (he died a year later).[4]

In the Republican Party the grassroots base is determined to convince former President Ricardo Jimenez Oreamuno to accept the candidacy, but he was reluctant. Once convinced, he said "You do not go with me, I go with you" and "... if the devil takes me, I am in good company".[4]

The other new party that emerges is the Reformist Party of ex-priest and military Jorge Volio, and which is considered the first "social" political party in Costa Rica, since it was the first one that really inserted itself among and from the popular classes, inspired by Volio's Christian socialism.[4]

Campaign

Both the republicans and the reformists concentrated their batteries against the candidacy of Echandi, whom they considered representative of the most privileged classes, as well as accusing him of "tinoquista". Echandi, meanwhile, focused on attacking Volio who he accused of being a puppet of Jiménez and that his party had been founded as an electoral trap for the Republicans, also questioned the constitutionality of Volio's candidacy since the Constitution prohibited Catholic priests from being presidents (even though Volio had already renounced his priesthood). Due to Volio's guerrilla past and the abandonment of his habits, he was compared to Judas, Martin Luther and Pancho Villa.[4]

Jiménez, on the other hand, did not attack the reformists, on the contrary he affirmed: "The echandismo is the adversary, because the reformists do not conceptualize them as such. Both parties, the Republican and the Reformist, are planets that revolve around the same sun of ideals. (...) If the opinion favors us we will say the republicans; we have won. If the opinion is inclined to the side of the reformists we can say that the Republicans have not lost."[4]

Jiménez would obtain 46% of the votes, Echandi 29% and Volio 20% (a rather surprising result given that it was a party with less than a year of foundation). Because no candidate obtained enough votes to win in the first round (50%) it was up to the Constitutional Congress (parliament) to choose the president.[4]

Aftermath

At that time half of the Congress was maintained for two more years and the other half was renewed. The Republican Party obtained eleven new deputies, the Agricultural obtained eight and the Reformists four, that added to those already in functions (including Jiménez and Volio) would be; 20 Agricultural deputies, 18 Republicans and 5 Reformists for a total of 43. It was clear that the decisive vote would be from the Reformists because the Agriculturalists, even with a majority, did not have enough votes to elect the president alone.[4]

During the counting of votes the Reformist Lorenzo Cambronero organizes a popular uprising in San Ramón, which is stifled by the government without major impact, but which causes the cancellation of several polling stations that favored the echandismo, which caused it to lose two deputies that were to give to the Republican and the Reformist, for which the echandistas accused of electoral fraud.[4]

After exhaustive negotiations finally Republicans and Reformists reach an agreement, the presidency for Jiménez and vice president for Volio, in addition to the portfolios of Education and Development for Reformist and support for several of their programmatic proposals. The Agriculturalists try to break the quorum but the presidency of a single agricultural deputy, Gerardo Zúñiga Montúfar, prevents it. Montúfar affirmed that it was his constitutional duty to attend. Jiménez was elected as expected with the combined votes of the Republican and Reformist caucuses, since Echandi only won one vote (Montúfar's) . When the followers of Echandi instigated him to reject the results and organize a revolt, Echandi replied:

The Presidency of the Republic does not worth a single drop of Costa Rican blood.[4]

Results

President

Popular Vote
Republican			42.5%
Agricultural			37.3%
Reformist			20.1%

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno	Republican Party	29,843	42.5
	Alberto Echandi Montero	Agricultural Party	26,244	37.3
	Jorge Volio Jiménez	Reformist Party	14,132	20.1
Invalid/blank votes			10	-
Total			70,219	100
Source: Nohlen;[5]

By province

Province	Jiménez %	Echandi %	Volio %
San José Province	41.53	32.35	26.11
Alajuela	31.56	47.98	20.50
Cartago Province	54.27	28.85	16.86
Heredia	36.54	39.47	23.97
Guanacaste	53.22	39.22	7.54
Puntarenas	47.30	42.93	9.76
Limón	44.38	31.48	24.13
Total	42.5	37.3	20.1
Source:[6]

Appointment of Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno

First Designate to the Presidency of the Republic Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno (PR)
Ballot →		1 May 1913
Required majority →		Absolute
	Yes • PR (17) • Ref (5)	22 / 43
	No • PA (1)	1 / 43
	Blank • PR (1)	1 / 43
	Absentees • PA (19)	20 / 43
Sources[4]

Parliament

Popular Vote
Republican			51.5%
Agricultural			31.5%
Reformist			17.0%

Elected seats
Republican			47.82%
Agricultural			34.78%
Reformist			17.39%

Total seats
Agricultural			46.51%
Republican			41.86%
Reformist			11.62%

Party		Votes	%	Seats	Total Seats
	Republican Party	42,568	51.5	11	18
	Agricultural Party	26,034	31.5	8	20
	Reformist Party	14,115	17.0	4	5
Invalid/blank votes		0	-	-	-
Total		82,717	100	23	43
Source: García [4]

References

1. Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
2. Nohlen, p164
3. Nohlen, p156
4. Oconitrillo García, Eduardo (2004). Cien años de política costarricense: 1902-2002, de Ascensión Esquivel a Abel Pacheco. EUNED. ISBN 9789968313605.
5. Salazar, J. (2003) Crisis Liberal y Estado Reformista, p 130 ISBN 9977-67-290-3
6. Salazar, J. (2003) Crisis Liberal y Estado Reformista, p 131 ISBN 9977-67-290-3