2006 Costa Rican general election

General elections were held in Costa Rica on 5 February 2006. In the presidential election, Óscar Arias of the National Liberation Party (Partido Liberación Nacional), a former president and Nobel Peace Laureate, was victorious over Ottón Solís of the Citizens' Action Party (Partido Acción Ciudadana) and twelve other minor-party candidates. Although Arias was expected to win by a wide margin, the actual polling reports were unexpectedly close. However, early results showed the contest to be closer than it actually was. The preliminary official report, after 88.45% of the vote counted, showed the result for President of the Republic almost tied between Arias with 40.51% of the vote and Ottón Solís with 40.29%. Given the small difference of only 3250 votes, the Superior Electoral Tribunal announced that a manual count of all the votes would start immediately and no official winner would be announced until that process was completed, approximately two weeks after the election.

2006 Costa Rica general election

5 February 2006[1]
Turnout	65.4%
Presidential election
Candidate Óscar Arias Ottón Solís Otto Guevara Party PLN PAC ML Popular vote 664,551 646,382 137,710 Percentage 40.92% 39.80% 8.76%
Results by canton
President before election Abel Pacheco PUSC Elected President Óscar Arias PLN
Legislative election
Party Leader % Seats ± PLN Óscar Arias 36.5% 25 +8 PAC Ottón Solís 25.3% 14 0 ML Otto Guevara 9.2% 6 0 PUSC Ricardo Toledo Carranza 7.8% 5 -14 PRC Bolívar Serrano Hidalgo 3.6% 0 -1 PUN José Manuel Echandi Meza 2.5% 1 +1 PRN Carlos Luis Avendaño Calvo 2.0% 1 New PASE Óscar Andrés López Arias 1.6% 1 New FA José Merino del Río 1.1% 1 New This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Óscar Arias

In the parliamentary election, the National Liberation Party won the mosts seats.

Presidential election

Candidates

There were fourteen candidates running for the presidency in the 2006 elections. However, only a few rose in the polls above the error margin.

Óscar Arias

Arias had been seen as the front runner throughout the campaign. Arias served as President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990. He is best known worldwide for his role in the signing of the Esquipulas Peace Agreement which is regarded as the crucial plan which led to the eventual end to the series of civil wars that took place throughout Central America, most notably in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala, during the 1980s. For his role he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987. With the monetary portion of the award he started the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, an advocacy group for demilitarization, women's rights and conflict resolution through dialogue. Through this group Arias helped to settle conflicts throughout Latin America, participating in the process to demilitarize Haiti and Panama.[2]

Arias made the fight against poverty and corruption the headlining issues of his campaign. During public appearances he promised to provide scholarships to poor families so their children could stay in school and not have to work (a promise he fulfilled on his first day in office), and spoke about the urgency of signing the Central American Free Trade Agreement in order to create high-paying jobs for Costa Rica's youth.[3]

With the pre-election opinion polls favoring Óscar Arias, he did not foresee such stiff competition from his closest rival Ottón Solís. At first count, there was a difference of only 0.4% (Óscar Arias = 40.6% vs Ottón Solís = 40.2%), or about 3,200 votes. Large numbers of voters supporting candidates other than Óscar Arias and Ottón Solís chose to cast their ballot for Ottón Solís at the last minute, with the objective of keeping Óscar Arias from winning the elections.

Election laws in Costa Rica dictate, among other things, that a candidate requires 40% of the votes to avoid a second round of voting for election of the President. Further, in case of a tie with candidates having the same number of votes, the elder of the two wins the seat.

Ottón Solís

Solís was the candidate of the Citizens' Action Party (PAC). Solís is a co-founder of the party and was its candidate in the 2002 presidential elections. In that election he ran against Rolando Araya of the National Liberation Party (PLN) and Abel Pacheco of the Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC). On 3 February 2002 the first round was held, in which Solís lost. He was running in an effort to break up the two-party system in Costa Rica.[4]

Solís is a critic of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). He has called for the renegotiations of CAFTA to add protection for vulnerable farmers and industrial companies. He has said that in its current form, "CAFTA will increase poverty in Central America because it will displace farmers and industrial workers and will increase the cost of health care."[5] He also said that "I never imagined CAFTA was going to be so one sided," and "The law of the jungle benefits the big beast. We are a very small beast."[6] Solís sees several possible detrimental aspects that could come from CAFTA. First he claims that it will cause the breakup of the public telecommunications and electricity monopolies which will have to be privatized. Additionally he thinks that the lowered trade barriers will cause a flood of cheap food products from the United States to come in and this will hurt the internal market for small-scale farmers.[7]

Otto Guevara

Otto Guevara Guth is the co-founder, along with Rigoberto Stewart and Raúl Costales Domínguez, of the Movimiento Libertario, a libertarian party. He was elected to the legislature in 1998. Guevara originally ran as a libertarian politician who claimed to believe in cutting of government programs, which he saw as excessive. Some of these programs included government subsidies for food, US$10,000 subsidies for housing, and free textbooks paid for by the state. He also rejected government funding for the party's political campaigns.[8]

For the 2006 election, a faction of the Movimiento Libertario led by Guevara took control of the party and backed down on many of the party's initial positions. They have decided to accept government funding, which was previously qualified by him as immoral, and on several interviews he has claimed that public education needs to be strengthened by more funding, that the country needs to build more jails, and several other issues that will actually increase government spending.

On the foreign policy front, Guevara is in favor of advancing civil liberties abroad. He is a critic of the Castro government in Cuba, accusing politicians in Latin America of being accomplices to the lack of political liberty by not speaking out against the country's government. Guevara has linked the lack of political liberties in Cuba to what he sees as an overextension of the state in Costa Rica. Specifically he sees that eliminating regulations which, according to him, affect the development of the economy, as being a part of his program to protect political liberty. Specifically he sees regulations on agroindustry as being a considerable problem.[9]

He hasn't yet made clear if his position on these issues changed along with the others. Given that his position on Cuba was likely the result of influence by Raúl Costales, an exiled Cuban who was one of the party founders and a long-time party secretary, and that he separated himself from the party after they voted to accept money from the government, it's likely Guevara's foreign policy has changed.

Ricardo Toledo

Toledo is the candidate for the ruling Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC) and used to be a close friend of president Abel Pacheco. He has a long history within the party as, among other things, President of the Youth of the Social Christian Unity Party, Coordinator of the party's southern districts, the head of management for the party, and senior officer and Vice-minister of the Ministry of Labor. He has also served in the legislature.[10]

Antonio Álvarez

Antonio Álvarez is the candidate for the party that he heads, the Union for Change Party (UPC).

He is running on a platform of political change. In an interview with newspaper Al Día Álvarez said that one thing that he believes negatively affects the country is unregulated immigration of Nicaraguans. He recommends stricter penalties for employers of immigrants who might be exploiting the Nicaraguans for cheap labor, and for increased use of documentation for immigrants.

On the economic front, Álvarez is interested in helping to build infrastructure because he believes it is essential to the continued economic development of Costa Rica. He is in favor of using the grant of public work and the emergency road network plan to build up the highways. He believes that a major problem with the health system is that it is inadequately funded and that violators are not penalized. Specifically he points to businesses who are not paying in order to have enough money to fund changes to the medical system. He is not in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage but is in favor of extending the benefits of marriage over to a civil union. In order to fight corruption in the municipalities and to ensure that money reaches the level that it is supposed to, Álvarez recommends more oversight in the hiring process so that the most qualified and honest people are in the positions where money distribution is involved. He is in favor of programs which encourage entrepreneurship, especially among the younger generation. Also for college students, he is not in favor of eliminating exams for the baccalaureate, but rather wants to expand education through increased infrastructure, new programs including secondary schools, and diversifying education through the regions.[11]

Campaign

Polemic over the Central American Free Trade Agreement was influential in the campaign as many candidates and parties took positions in support or reject of the treaty and Costa Rican society was split over the issue.[12][13]

Results

President

Popular Vote
National Liberation			40.9%
Citizens' Action			39.8%
Libertarian Movement			8.5%
Social Christian Unity			3.6%
Union for Change			2.4%
National Union			1.6%
Homeland First			1.1%
Costa Rican Renewal			1.0%
Other			1.1%

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Óscar Arias	National Liberation Party	664,551	40.9
	Ottón Solís	Citizens' Action Party	646,382	39.8
	Otto Guevara	Libertarian Movement	137,710	8.5
	Ricardo Toledo	Social Christian Unity Party	57,655	3.6
	Antonio Álvarez	Union for Change Party	39,557	2.4
	José Echandi	National Union Party	26,593	1.6
	Juan Vargas	Homeland First Party	17,594	1.1
	Bolívar Serrano	Costa Rican Renewal Party	15,539	1.0
	Walter Muñoz	National Integration Party	5,136	0.3
	José Villalobos	Democratic Nationalist Alliance	3,670	0.2
	Vladimir de la Cruz	Democratic Force	3,020	0.2
	Álvaro Montero	National Rescue Party	2,430	0.1
	Humberto Vargas	United Left Coalition	2,291	0.1
	José Arce	Patriotic Union	1,864	0.1
Invalid/blank votes			39,256	–
Total			1,663,248	100
Registered voters/turnout			2,550,613	65.2
Source: Election Resources

By province

Province	PLN %	PAC %	ML %	PUSC %	UpC %	PUN %	PPP %	Other %
San José	38.9	42.4	8.3	2.8	2.7	1.9	1.1	1.9
Alajuela	40.5	43.8	6.6	2.7	2.2	1.3	1.0	1.8
Cartago	40.8	38.2	10.3	3.3	2.8	1.8	1.3	1.4
Heredia	39.2	43.7	7.7	2.8	2.4	1.5	0.9	1.8
Puntarenas	47.2	30.1	9.6	6.5	1.8	1.0	1.1	2.7
Limón	40.4	29.6	13.5	6.5	2.7	1.9	1.2	4.3
Guanacaste	49.9	31.3	6.5	5.9	1.6	1.1	0.8	2.8
Total	40.9	39.8	8.5	3.6	2.4	1.6	1.1	2.1

Legislative Assembly

While PLN managed to return as the main political force in the Assembly, PAC become for the first time and till this date second largest political group in the Parliament.[14] PUSC on the other hand, affected by corruption scandals,[15][16] suffered a humiliating defeat passing from be the first parliamentary party with 19 deputies to only 5. The Libertarian Movement kept its 6 seats[14] while the newly resurrected National Union Party led by former Costa Rican Ombudsman José Manuel Echandi won one only seat for Echandi himself (who later will resign from the party, living it seatless).

Three then regional political parties won one seat each; socialist Broad Front, disable people's right party Accessibility without Exclusion and Christian party National Restoration. Broad Front's seat went for Spanish émigré José Merino and was the return of the Left in the Parliament after one period without representation.[13] The recently founded party Unión for Change made by PLN's dissident Antonio Álvarez Desanti did not won any seat.[17]

Popular vote
National Liberation			36.54%
Citizens' Action			25.34%
Libertarian Movement			9.17%
Social Christian Unity			7.82%
Costa Rican Renewal			3.46%
National Union			2.5%
Union for Change			2.35%
National Restoration			2.04%
Homeland First			1.64%
Acc. w/o Exclusion			1.59%
Broad Front			1.10%
Other			6.45%

Seats
National Liberation			43.86%
Citizens' Action			29.82%
Libertarian Movement			10.52%
Social Christian Unity			8.77%
National Union			1.75%
National Restoration			1.75%
Acc. w/o Exclusion			1.75%
Broad Front			1.75%

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	National Liberation Party	589,731	36.5	25	+8
	Citizens' Action Party	409,030	25.3	17	+3
	Libertarian Movement	147,934	9.2	6	0
	Social Christian Unity Party	126,284	7.8	5	–14
	Costa Rican Renewal Party	55,798	3.6	0	–1
	National Union Party	40,280	2.5	1	New
	Union for Change Party	37,994	2.4	0	New
	National Restoration Party	32,909	2.0	1	New
	Accessibility without Exclusion	25,690	1.6	1	New
	Homeland First Party	26,438	1.6	0	New
	Broad Front	17,751	1.1	1	New
	Democratic Nationalist Alliance	14,537	0.9	0	New
	Democratic Force	13,675	0.8	0	0
	National Integration Party	12,945	0.8	0	0
	Agrarian Labour Action Party	11,713	0.7	0	0
	Cartago Agrarian Union Party	9,395	0.6	0	0
	Patriotic Union Party	8,612	0.5	0	New
	Alajuelan Democratic Action Party	7,867	0.5	0	New
	United Left Coalition	5,744	0.4	0	New
	Guanacaste Independence Party	5,010	0.3	0	New
	Authentic Heredian Party	3,556	0.2	0	New
	Provincial Integration Party	2,835	0.2	0	New
	New Feminist League Party	2,357	0.1	0	New
	Green Ecologist Party	1,885	0.1	0	New
	Workers' and Farmers' Movement	1,507	0.1	0	New
	Cartago People's Agrarian Force Party	1,482	0.1	0	New
	Cartago Turrialban Authentic Party	1,002	0.1	0	New
Invalid/blank votes		48,938	–	–	–
Total		1,662,899	100	57	0
Registered voters/turnout		2,550,613	65.2	–	–
Source: Election Resources

By province

Province	PLN		PAC		ML		PUSC		PRC		PUN		UpC		PPP		FD		PIN		Other
	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S
San José	33.6	7	26.1	5	9.2	2	6.2	2	2.1	0	2.8	1	2.2	0	2.1	0	0.8	0	1.1	0	13.8	3
Alajuela	37.3	5	27.7	4	7.8	1	6.9	1	4.2	0	2.5	0	2.4	0	1.3	0	0.7	0	0.5	0	8.7	0
Cartago	35.2	3	27.7	3	10.4	1	7.1	0	2.0	0	1.9	0	2.8	0	1.4	0	0.7	0	1.1	0	9.8	0
Heredia	36.4	3	30.6	2	9.0	0	8.3	0	4.2	0	1.9	0	2.2	0	1.6	0	0.7	0	0.8	0	4.3	0
Puntarenas	44.7	2	18.6	1	10.0	1	12.8	1	5.4	0	1.3	0	2.2	0	1.6	0	1.6	0	0.3	0	2.0	0
Limón	37.0	2	17.4	1	11.7	1	12.3	1	7.2	0	3.8	0	3.1	0	1.4	0	1.6	0	0.8	0	3.7	0
Guanacaste	44.6	3	16.6	1	7.2	0	10.9	0	4.9	0	3.1	0	1.8	0	0.8	0	0.7	0	0.4	0	8.9	0
Total	36.5	25	25.3	17	9.2	6	8.2	5	3.5	0	2.5	1	2.4	0	1.6	0	0.8	0	0.8	0	9.5	3

Municipal Councils

The elections of municipal councilors of Costa Rica in 2006 were an electoral process held in parallel with the presidential and legislative elections. In them the 495 tenure aldermen and the 495 alternates that conform the 81 Municipal Councils were chosen.

The Central Canton of San José, the most populous, named 13 aldermen. Desamparados and Alajuela named 11. Others less populated (Puntarenas, Limón, Pococí, Heredia, Cartago, La Unión, San Carlos, Goicoechea, Pérez Zeledón, etc.) named 9. Others even smaller (Tibás, Grecia, Vázquez de Coronado, Montes de Oca, Siquirres, Escazú, Turrialba, etc.) appointed 7 council members. Finally, the smallest (Turrubares, San Mateo, Santa Ana, Mora, Montes de Oro, Talamanca, etc.) named 5.

Alderpeople
National Liberation			45.60%
Citizens' Action			27.80%
Social Christian Unity			11.80%
Libertarian Movement			7.20%
Regionalist			6.80%
National Union			0.60%
Union for Change			0.20%

Parties		Popular vote			Alderpeople
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/-
	National Liberation Party (PLN)	585,809	36.41	+7.20	228	+50
	Citizens' Action Party (PAC)	394,854	24.54	+4.10	139	+38
	Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC)	143,008	8.89	-22.03	59	-121
	Libertarian Movement (ML)	135,148	8.40	+2.85	36	+49
	Costa Rican Renewal Party (PRC)	50,416	3.13	-0.46	4	-3
	Union for Change Party (UpC)	45,885	2.85	New	1	New
	National Union Party (PUN)	42,853	2.66	New	3	New
	National Restoration Party (PREN)	22,579	1.40	New	2	New
	Homeland First Party (PPP)	19,326	1.20	New	0	New
	Democratic Nationalist Alliance (ADN)	14,982	0.93	New	0	New
	National Integration Party (PIN)	14,162	0.88	-0.77	0	-1
	Democratic Force (FD)	13,912	0.86	-1.78	0	-4
	Patriotic Union (UP)	13,075	0.81	New	0	New
	Cartago Agrarian Union Party (PUAC)	9,029	0.56	+0.56	2	+2
	Agrarian Labour Action Party (PALA)	8,979	0.56	-0.05	3	+1
	Broad Front (FA)	8,068	0.50	New	0	New
	Independent Guanacaste Party (PGI)	6,536	0.41	+0.36	2	+2
	Escazu's Progressive Yoke (YPE)	6,116	0.38	-0.13	2	-1
	United Left Coalition (IU)	6,108	0.38	New	0	New
	21st Century Curridabat (CSXXI)	5,643	0.35	+0.10	2	+1
	Authentic Heredian Party (PAH)	5,479	0.34	New	0	New
	Alajuelense Democratic Action (PADA)	5,357	0.33	+0.33	0	New
	Palmarenean Union Party (PUPal)	5,015	0.31	New	2	New
	Provincial Integration Three Party (PIP-3)	4,425	0.28	New	0	New
	Party of the Sun (PdS)	3,999	0.25	-0.07	2	0
	Goicoechea in Action Party (PGEA)	3,536	0.22	New	0	New
	Authentic Labourer of Coronado Party (PALABRA)	3,098	0.19	New	1	New
	Green Ecologist Party (PVE)	3,070	0.19	New	0	New
	Progressive Moravia Party (PMP)	2,929	0.18	New	1	New
	The Bridge and Paths of Mora (PYCM)	2,815	0.17	New	2	New
	Communal Pro-Curri Party (PCPC)	2,664	0.17	New	1	New
	New Alajuelita Party (PALNU)	2,076	0.13	+0.01	1	0
	Cantonal Action Independent Siquirres Party (PACSI)	1,870	0.12	+0.05	1	+1
	Cartago Agrarian Force (FAC)	1,735	0.11	-0.16	0	New
	Workers' and Peasants' Movement (MTC)	1,718	0.11	New	0	New
	Desamparadenean Communal Force Party (FCD)	1,676	0.10	New	0	New
	Authentic Sarapiquenean Party (PASAR)	1,460	0.09	-0.03	1	0
	Quepeña Action Party (PAQ)	1,452	0.09	-0.04	2	0
	Independent Belemite Party (PIB)	1,303	0.08	+0.04	1	+1
	Authentic Turrialban Cartago Party (PATC)	1,217	0.08	New	0	New
	Humanist Party of Heredia (PH-Her)	1,047	0.07	+0.05	0	0
	Humanist Party of Montes de Oca (PH-MdO)	986	0.06	-0.02	0	-1
	Autonomous Oromontan Party (PAO)	859	0.05	New	1	New
	Authentic Pilaric Party (PAUPI)	830	0.05	New	0	New
	Ecological Garabito Party (PEG)	770	0.05	-0.01	1	-2
	Alliance for San José Party (PASJ)	542	0.03	-0.05	0	New
	Aguirre Labour Organization Party (OLA)	505	0.03	New	0	New
	New Feminist League Party (NLF)	79	0.01	New	0	New
Total		1,609,000	100.00	-	500	-3
Invalid votes		53,796	3.24
Votes cast / turnout		1,662,796	65.19
Abstentions		887,817	34.81
Registered voters		2,550,613	100%
Sources[18]

References

1. "5 February 2006 Election Results - Costa Rica Totals". Election Resources. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
2. Wright, Jim (10 February 1998). "Costa Rica's Oscar Arias: Blessed are the peacemakers". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
3. Sylvia Alvarado Marenco and Pablo Guerén Catepillán. "No habrá segunda vuelta". Al Día. Retrieved December 20, 2005.
4. "Pacheco de la Espriella, Abel". Current Biography International Yearbook (2002 ed.). 2002.
5. Vaughan, Martin (June 9, 2005). "Arias Says Region Might Lose Benefits Without CAFTA". CongressDaily AM. pp. 15–16.
6. James C. McKinley Jr. (August 21, 2005). "U.S. Trade Pact Divides the Central Americans, With Farmers and Others Fearful". New York Times.
7. Abrams, Jim (June 10, 2005). "Administration moves to ease objections to trade agreement". Associated Press.
8. Julian Sanchez (August 12, 2003). "The Other Guevara". Reason Online. Archived from the original on December 11, 2005. Retrieved December 20, 2005.
9. Alfonso, Pablo (July 24, 2005). "Líder Costarricense pide luchar contra la dictadura castrista". El Nuevo Herald. p. 5A.
10. "Ricardo Jaime Toledo Carranza". Asamblea Legislativa República de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on March 6, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2005.
11. "Transcripción del Chat de Al Día: Antonio Álvarez Desanti, candidato presidencial de UPC" (PDF). Al Día. 30 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2005.
12. Shaw, Lauren (4 April 2013). Song and Social Change in Latin America. ISBN 9780739179499.
13. Trejos, Eugenia (August 2007). "The opposition to CAFTA in Costa Rica: Institutionalisation of a social movement". Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
14. Lehring, Gary (15 February 2014). "Costa Rican legislative elections show growing voter dissatisfaction with traditional choices". The Tico Times. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
15. Landsford, Tom (20 March 2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. ISBN 9781483386263. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
16. Landsford, Tom (2 April 2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. ISBN 9781608719952. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
17. "Transcripción del Chat de Al Día: Antonio Álvarez Desanti, candidato presidencial de UPC" (PDF). Al Día. 30 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2005.
18. "Elecciones Regidurías 2006". tse.go.cr (in Spanish). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

External links

• Videos of the Debate (in Spanish)
• Arias for President (in Spanish)
• PAC Official Website (in Spanish)