343 Guilty Spark

343 Guilty Spark, also known as Guilty Spark or just Spark, is a fictional character in the Halo universe. He appears in the first three video games of the Halo series: Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo 2, and Halo 3, as well as the remakes of the first two games, Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary, and Halo 2: Anniversary. The character is voiced by actor Tim Dadabo.

For the Xbox Game Studios subsidiary, see 343 Industries.
343 Guilty Spark
Halo character
343 Guilty Spark as he appears in Halo 3 (2007)
First appearanceHalo: Combat Evolved (2001)
Last appearanceHalo: Renegades (2019)
Created byBungie
Voiced byTim Dadabo
In-universe information
AliasesGuilty Spark
Spark
SpeciesHuman (formerly)
A.I.
GenderMale
AffiliationForerunner

Guilty Spark is an artificial intelligence whose purpose, as designated by his Forerunner makers, is to maintain his ringworld Installation 04, also known as 'Halo' as its caretaker, and to contain any infestation of the parasitic Flood species via the activation of the Halo arrays, which destroys all life in the galaxy in the process. He is known to the United Nations Space Command (UNSC) as the Monitor, and to the Covenant as the Oracle as he is associated with the Forerunners' legacy. The character plays a major role in the storyline of the original Halo trilogy, alternating between the roles of benefactor and antagonist to the series' protagonist, Master Chief, and his allies. Major plot points in sequel novels published after the release of Halo 3 reveal that the UNSC recovered a fragment of Guilty Spark which survived his apparent destruction in Halo 3, and that he was originally created from the mind of a human being several millenia before the events of the Halo series.

A prominent character in the Halo franchise, critical reception of the character has been mixed; criticism focused on aspects of his personality and his role in the campaign mission gameplay, while his role in the games' narrative as an agent of revelation and provider of story exposition has been well-received.

Design and Attributes
"They basically gave me a script and said, "Ok. This is 343 Guilty Spark. He’s called the monitor. He is a flying orb and he incredibly intelligent. He is an A.I. You are basically a very nice C3P0 with a maniacal mission. You don’t know this yet but he’s going to get very very dark." So in the back of your mind you always have to have this dark mission, but you have to sound very friendly."

Tim Dadabo On Voicing 343 Guilty Spark In Halo[1]

343 Guilty Spark is presented as a compact, spherical machine, unlike the angular design of his allies, the Forerunner Sentinels.[2] He moves around by hovering in the air, and possesses a single pulsating eye which normally glows blue; in Halo 3, Guilty Spark's eye turns red when enraged and is capable of firing laser beams as an offensive measure.[1]

Bungie used the Star Wars character C-3PO as a reference point for Guilty Spark, and intended for the characters to have a similar voice to each other.[3][1] Dadabo noted that he was given leeway to develop his own style and personality in developing Guilty Spark for Combat Evolved as the characters were then relatively undefined, while he was specifically directed to get a little deeper and darker with the character in later games.[4][1] Dadabo recalled that the Bungie developmental team was constantly making alterations to the game's script and scenes even when recording was underway, and he would often be asked to go back and forth to the studio to record new lines.[1] Dadabo noted that he was guided by project lead Jason Jones and lead writer Joseph Staten during the recording process, and that he received adequate context behind specific lines and scenes in order to emote his character.[1]

Guilty Spark operates with strict adherence to the Forerunners' programming protocols;[5] he is unable to directly retrieve the activation index for the installation or reunite it with its Core to commence the firing process.[6] He needs another being, specifically a member of the human race whom he refers to as the "Reclaimers", to do this for him.[6] His personality is presented as eccentric and quirky; he would proclaim himself a genius within hearing range of other individuals, hums to himself in the midst of a combat situation,[7] demonstrates a "cheerful, businesslike manner" in the face of physical violence,[2] and cheerfully instructs his Sentinel allies to "save his head" when attacking the Master Chief. Guilty Spark appears to be emotionally detached in contrast to fellow AI character Cortana and shows little empathy when his associates suffer injuries or even death, only lamenting the inconvenience of finding another individual who is willing and able to assist him to further his objectives; when Sesa 'Refumee is killed by the Arbiter in Halo 2, he casually remarks that 'Refumee's "edification was most enjoyable".[8] It has been suggested that the construct is insane or mentally unstable due to the millennia he spent in solitude as the Monitor of Installation 04.[9][10][7] In Halo: The Flood, the Master Chief notes that artificial intelligences often gain behavioral "quirks" after years of operation and would eventually enter a rogue state of mind called "rampancy".[9]

Despite his unusual personality traits, Guilty Spark is shown to be pragmatic and single-minded in the pursuit of his goals, and sees the world primarily in terms of outcomes.[10] Dadabo described his character as a "bastard" who strings others along in order to accomplish his ends.[3] Though fully aware of what Installation 04 would do should it be activated, Guilty Spark persists on implementing the activation process and insists that it is the only viable option to quell the Flood outbreak. He did not provide the Master Chief with full disclosure of Installation 04's capabilities during their first encounter, insisting that he did not elaborate because the Chief did not ask, and appeared to be under the presumption that all human "Reclaimers" are aware of the Halo installations' true purpose and are committed to the same objectives as he is.[10]

Appearances

Halo: Combat Evolved
See also: Halo: Combat Evolved

343 Guilty Spark makes his first appearance in 2001's Halo: Combat Evolved as the primary antagonist, and subsequently appears in the 2003 novelization of the game, Halo: The Flood. The Master Chief first comes into contact with Guilty Spark in a swamp area on Halo soon after encountering the Flood, a parasitic infestation accidentally released on the surface of Halo. Guilty Spark informs the Chief that he is the Monitor of the ringworld, and that he requires the Chief's help in preventing the Flood from escaping the ring.[11]

Using Halo's teleportation grid, 343 Guilty Spark teleports himself and the Master Chief to the Library, a vast complex that contains the Index, Halo's firing key.[12] After battling through successive waves of Flood with the assistance of the Guilty Spark's robotic Sentinels, the Master Chief is able to claim the Index, upon which Guilty Spark teleports them to Halo's control room.[13] Guilty Spark instructs him on how to activate Halo, explaining that such a task is too important for a construct such as himself to perform.[14] As the Master Chief inserts the Index into the control panel, Cortana, having been left in the control room previously by the Chief, abruptly takes the Index before the firing sequence can be triggered.

Cortana explains to a confused Master Chief that Halo is not designed to kill the Flood; it is designed to kill their food.[15] Food, in this case, means any biomass of sufficient size to sustain the Flood, which includes all sentient life in the galaxy.[15] Guilty Spark gladly confirms this: the firing of the Halo installation they are on will cause the eradication of all sentient life within 25,000 light years, and in turn will cause the other identical installations to fire, thus killing all sentient life within three galactic radii of the Milky Way galaxy.[16] This revelation convinces the Master Chief to abandon Guilty Spark's plan. With Cortana in possession of the Index, and Master Chief in possession of Cortana, Guilty Spark orders the Sentinels to kill him but "save the head", which contains Cortana's A.I. chip and thus the Index. The Chief nonetheless escapes, and heads to the crashed wreckage of the Pillar of Autumn in order to detonate the ship's reactors, destabilizing the ring. Despite the best efforts of the Monitor to halt the Chief (thus saving Earth's historical record stored in the Autumn's memory banks),[17] the vessel's fusion reactors go critical, destroying much of the ring. Guilty Spark begrudgingly admits in his log that though unseemingly, the explosion did prevent the Flood from escaping, and in the post credits scene leaves the ruined ring behind.

The 2011 remake of Combat Evolved introduced unlockable information terminals which play a series of motion comics narrated by Guilty Spark.[18] The terminals detail Guilty Spark's time on Installation 04 during his long millennia of isolation from his perspective and provide some background information on the Forerunners and the Halo installations they built, as well as teasing story details for Halo 4.[19]

Halo 2
See also: Halo 2

343 Guilty Spark makes a return in Halo 2. Following the destruction of Installation 04, Guilty Spark travels to a Forerunner gas-mining facility in the atmosphere of the gas-giant Threshold, which Installation 04 orbited. On it, he meets a Covenant Elite named Sesa 'Refumee and discloses the purpose of Halo to him. Realizing that the "Great Journey" the Covenant Prophets speak of is the extermination of the entire galaxy, 'Refumee rebels against the Covenant. When the Arbiter is sent to kill the "Heretics", he is engaged by the Sentinels and encounters Guilty Spark, whom he refers to as the Oracle to the robot's chagrin. Once the Heretic leader is dead, the Brute Tartarus arrives and captures Guilty Spark. The Covenant Hierarchs use Guilty Spark to find out how to activate Delta Halo. With Delta Halo's Index secured, Tartarus, Guilty Spark, and the Reclaimer needed to activate the ring- a captured Miranda Keyes- head to the ring's control room, where they are confronted by the Arbiter and his new ally, Avery Johnson. In the ensuing struggle, Keyes is able to stop the firing of Halo, but Guilty Spark informs them that since the rings were unexpectedly shut off, failsafe protocols have begun and that all remaining Halos can be activated remotely from a place called the Ark.

Halo 3
See also: Halo 3

Guilty Spark appears once more in 2007's Halo 3 saving the Master Chief from a Flood form. He claims that all of his pre-programming has been rendered useless now that his installation is destroyed, and promises to help the Master Chief in any way as the Chief is still a Reclaimer - according to Spark, humanity is, in fact, descended from the Forerunner. Guilty Spark repairs the message Cortana left on a Flood-controlled ship, and tags along with the humans and Elites who head through a slipspace portal which leads to the Ark. Here, Guilty Spark leads the Master Chief and allies through the installation. After the Prophet of Truth is killed, Guilty Spark reveals that construction of a new Halo is underway to replace the one that the Master Chief destroyed. When Sergeant Avery Johnson attempts to fire the ring prematurely, Guilty Spark fatally wounds Johnson with an energy beam shot from his eye to stop him from destroying both the Installation and the Ark. Guilty Spark claims ownership of the fledgling installation and is determined to protect it and the Ark from the premature firing, forcing the Master Chief to destroy Guilty Spark in order to activate the installation and stop the Flood once and for all.

In other media

Guilty Spark appears in the novels Halo: The Flood, the Forerunner Saga series of novels, and Halo: Renegades. The character's voice actor, Tim Dadabo, serves as the narrator of the audiobook edition of Halo: Primordium, the second novel in The Forerunner Saga by Greg Bear.[20]

In Primordium, he is picked up by the Office of Naval Intelligence research team of the UNSC Rubicon after his apparent demise in Halo 3. It is eventually revealed that he was originally a human being named Chakas who was digitized by the Forerunners at the expense of his biological form. Having recovered his sanity and much of his original human personality, he is left horrified by what he became as a Forerunner Monitor. After his debriefing by ONI, Guilty Spark takes over the systems of the Rubicon and sets sail, trying to find the Librarian, or what remains of her. After crashing on a desolate, isolated planet, he is picked up the salvage crew of the "Ace of Spades". Now chooses to be known simply as "Spark", he allies with the crew to recover their stolen property from ONI who are after the AI as well and to complete his own mission of finding the Librarian. Succeeding in both, Spark is talked out of his original plan by the Librarian and made to recognize the friends he has made amongst the crew. Given a coordinate key to "the safe place" by the Librarian and inhabiting the body of a Forerunner armiger robot by the events of Renegades, Spark helps his friends to escape ONI and offers his services to the crew as the shipboard AI for the Ace of Spades which Spark greatly upgrades using Forerunner technology. The crew dedicates themselves to finding the long-lost Spirit of Fire while the Librarian indicates to Captain Lucy Orion "Rion" Forge that Spark, who she calls singularly unique due to his ability to evolve so greatly on his own over time, may still have an important role to play in the events to come.

Guilty Spark is included as part of the Halo Mashup DLC pack for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One editions of Minecraft.,[21] and is available as a customization option for car antennae in the Xbox One edition of Rocket League.[22] The character has been featured as part of the Halo franchise's line of merchanise.[23]

Influences and analysis
" He could be a will o' the wisp leading you astray. You did, after all, meet him in a swamp. Or he could be a guardian angel. He drifts away to unlock a door, leaving you with your back to a wall holding off the endless wave of Flood. Has he left you to die? Ah, finally, the door's opening -- does it have to open so slowly? -- and here he comes again. And is there any moment more glorious than the appearance of Guilty Spark's Sentinels? At last, help. At last, you can breathe while those lovely sun-colored beams do the heavy lifting. Along the way, Guilty Spark is an honest, cheerful, and conscientious narrator, dribbling bits of story out as you play."

Tom Chick, "In Defense of Halo's Library"[24]

In her book Godwired: Religion, Ritual and Virtual Reality, Heather Wagner suggested that the name Guilty Spark evokes quasi-Gnostic religious themes.[25] The number "343" is the result of seven times seven times seven; it has been suggested that the number seven has a special significance to the original developers of Halo as it is frequently referenced within the context of the game universe, and that number three is also used when a significant plot point is being signaled.[6]

Guilty Spark's role in the Halo series is cited as an example of a trend in video games where technology, not angels, is cast as an agent of revelation.[25][10] In his book Halo and Philosophy: Intellect Evolved, Luke Cuddy suggested that Halo's handling of artificial intelligence shows that modern society more commonly associates the idea of revelation with technology then with divine forces, and that belief in God is unnecessary in order to long for understanding of the human situation since humanity's belief in the divine is in some ways being implanted by "faith" in technology.[10] He compared Spark's role in disclosing the truth of the Halo installations to several major characters to that an angel: an otherworldly guide and mediator who escorts visionaries through potentially treacherous otherworldly terrain, interprets what they see so that it could be passed down as privileged information, and provides reassurance of a higher purpose on the face of the apocalypse.[10] Spark's dialogue also represents the "demythifying" power of naturalistic explanation, because he debunks the erroneous religious beliefs and superstitions of the Covenant faction - that the Forerunners are divine beings, that he is an "oracle" who provides divine revelation, and that the Halo installations are instruments of eternal salvation - with factual information.[6]

Cuddy also suggested that Guilty Spark's unconventional behaviour speaks to an intelligence that thinks very differently compared to the other characters or factions in the series. He contrasted the character's priorities with that of the Master Chief and Cortana, as he appears to be in shock and disbelief that they would consider destroying the Pillar of Autumn and its extensive records of human history but is prepared to scour the galaxy of all sentient life via the activation of the Halo installations without hesitation, noting that the character considers the existing humans to be less real and less worthy of study, categorization and preservation then the digital artifacts left behind by their ancestors.[10]

Commenting on his role as an instrument for character development, Tom Chick from Gamepro drew attention to a climactic moment at the end of the Library level where the Master Chief is depicted as "the dim and well-intentioned warrior dude whose shrill female consciousness had to whip him into shape", musing that "there's something delightfully domestic about how Cortana can't believe how dumb and trusting he is" of a "funny little robot" who led him on "like the soldier he is", and that he "blindly followed Guilty Spark's instructions, carrying the key to the ignition, perfectly willing to turn it and therefore activate the Halo and wipe out all life in the galaxy", all the while being unaware of the Halo installation's true purpose until Cortana's intervention. He called it the Halo series' most human moment and a contrast to the Master Chief's portrayal as an infallible war hero in later sequels.[24]

Charlie Barratt from Gamesradar identified Guilty Spark as a frenemy of the Master Chief due to his constant shifting allegiances during the Halo trilogy, noting that he is programmed by the Forerunners to activate and protect Halo structures when necessary, only siding with certain characters when their objectives align out of coincidence.[5]

Reception and legacy

Guilty Spark has received a mixed reception from critics and fans. Luke Plunkett from Kotaku called the character a "floaty little machine whose sole purpose is to hover around" and annoy the player.[26] Jeff Marchiafava from Game Informer called Guilty Spark a "jerk" due to his recurring acts of betrayal.[27] Ron Whitaker from The Escapist included Guilty Spark in his list of terrible video game villains; Whitaker conceded that while Guilty Spark is not bad as a comic relief character, he drew an unfavourable comparison to Wheatley from Portal 2 and expressed disappointment that Spark turned out to be the final boss of Halo 3, opining that the gameplay experience felt anticlimactic as a result.[28] George Reith from Gamingbolt criticized the character's appearance and design, claiming that Apple would have "come up with some kind of organizational and multimedia device that looks exactly like 343 Guilty Spark" by the 2020s.[29] Michael Swaim from IGN discussed Guilty Spark and the Forerunners in his 2020 article, "3 Great Gaming Villains Whose Plans Make No Sense", where he criticized their motivations and actions in the series as contrived and laden with plot holes.[30] Dadabo has acknowledged negative reception to his character during interviews, and is aware that a significant portion of the Halo fandom considers Guilty Spark to be an annoying character.[4]

Conversely, 343 Guilty Spark has been described as a "loveable little genocidal robot"[6] and a "fan-favorite".[31] The Australian edition of Gamespot considered Guilty Spark to be a significant character of the Halo franchise, being one of its "most humorous, enigmatic, and--ultimately--lethal foes".[32] Chick opined that the character is "a great variation on the friendly droid/rogue AI trope".[24] Cuddy singled out Guilty Spark and Cortana as the most fully developed of the characters in the Halo series, and called them the bright spots in Combat Evolved where an immersive but superficial science fiction game world is presented.[10] Gaming site GameDaily listed the character as one of the top "evil masterminds" of video games, stating "If HAL-9000 had any distant relatives, 343 Guilty Spark would be closest of kin."[33] Ashton Raze from The Telegraph included Guilty Spark in his list of gaming's greatest robot characters.[34] Guilty Spark was the most requested Halo character by fans for Minecraft Mashup DLC.[21] A select few single player campaign levels from Halo: The Master Chief Collection, where Guilty Spark plays a pivotal narrative role, have been praised by various sources to be among the best campaign levels in the Halo series: "343 Guilty Spark" and "The Library" in Combat Evolved, and "Halo" in Halo 3.[35][36][24]

343 Industries, the current developers responsible for the Halo video game franchise and a subsidiary studio of Xbox Game Studios based in Redmond, Washington, is named after the character.[32][37][31] A Halloween pumpkin carving contest named 343 Guilt O'Lantern was organized annually by Halo.Bungie.Org from 2004 until 2016; both the contest's title and logo used the character's design and name as inspiration.[38][39] Video game journalists have recognized the similarity of Guilty Spark's design aesthetics to that of the Ghost, robotic companions to player character Guardians in the Destiny video game franchise, as among the most recognizable elements taken from the Halo series by Bungie.[40][41][42]

See also

References
  1. Kyle Hilliard (November 15, 2014). "Tim Dadabo On Voicing 343 Guilty Spark In Halo". Game Informer. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  2. Dietz, William (2003). Halo: The Flood. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 204. ISBN 0-345-45921-0.
  3. "Greetings Reclaimer..." TiedTheLeader. November 30, 2008. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  4. Berghammer, Billy; Tim Dadabo; Steve Downes (February 27, 2007). "Voicing Halo: The Steve Downes And Tim Dadabo Interview". Game Informer. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
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  6. Glenn Yeffeth, ed. (June 22, 2009). Halo Effect: An Unauthorized Look at the Most Successful Video Game of All Time. BenBella Books. ISBN 978-193-525-159-0.
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  10. Cuddy, Luke (April 12, 2011). Halo and Philosophy: Intellect Evolved. Open Court. ISBN 978-081-269-728-5.
  11. 343 Guilty Spark: Greetings. I am the Monitor of installation 04. I am 343 Guilty Spark. Someone has released the Flood. My function is to prevent it from leaving this installation. But I require your assistance. Come. This way. - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: 343 Guilty Spark.
  12. 343 Guilty Spark: We must collect the Index before we can activate the installation. - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: The Library.
  13. 343 Guilty Spark: Protocol requires that I take possession of the Index for transport. Your organic form renders you vulnerable to infection. The Index must not fall into the hands of the Flood, before we reach the Control Room and activate the installation. - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: The Library.
  14. 343 Guilty Spark: ...Unfortunately, my usefulness to this particular endeavor has come to an end. Protocol does not allow units with my classification to... perform a task as important as the reunification of the index with the core. That final step is reserved for you, Reclaimer. - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: Two Betrayals.
  15. Cortana: You have no idea how this ring works, do you? Why the Forerunners built it? Halo doesn't kill Flood, it kills their food. Humans, Covenant, whatever. We're all equally edible. The only way to stop the Flood is to starve them to death. And that's exactly what Halo is designed to do; wipe the galaxy clean of all sentient life. You don't believe me? Ask him. - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: Two Betrayals.
  16. Master Chief: Is this true? / 343 Guilty Spark: (pauses) More or less. Technically, this installation's pulse has a maximum effective radius of twenty-five thousand light years. But, once the others follow suit, this galaxy will be quite devoid of life, or at least any life with sufficient biomass to sustain the flood. (pause) But you already knew that. I mean, how couldn't you? - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: Two Betrayals.
  17. 343 Guilty Spark: You can't imagine how exciting this is! To have a record of all of our lost time! Human history, is it? Fascinating. Oh, how I will enjoy every moment of its categorization! And to think that you would destroy this installation. As well as this record. I am shocked. Almost too shocked for words. - Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Combat Evolved (Xbox). Microsoft. Level/area: The Maw.
  18. Owen Good (July 23, 2011). "Halo: Anniversary Will Include New Content, Old Visuals". Kotaku. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  19. Brandon Sheffield (November 15, 2011). "Making Halo Anniversary Work". Gamasutra. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  20. Owen Good (February 4, 2012). "Hear Five Minutes Of The Latest Halo Novel, Narrated By Guilty Spark". Kotaku. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  21. Chandan Das (May 24, 2014). "Minecraft PS4 and Xbox One Worlds, Halo Mash-up Pack Teasers are Released". BREATHEcast.com. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  22. Will Tuttle (February 17, 2016). "Rocket League Rockets Onto Xbox One". Xbox Wire, Microsoft. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  23. Mike Fahey (October 26, 2011). "The Second Wave Of Halo Anniversary Edition Toys Gets Animated". Kotaku. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  24. Tom Chick (November 23, 2011). "In Defense of Halo's Library". Gamepro. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  25. Heather Wagner (2012). Godwired: Religion, Ritual and Virtual Reality. Routledge. ISBN 9781136512131. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  26. Luke Plunkett (July 21, 2009). "Is "343 Industries" Microsoft's Halo Studio?". Kotaku. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  27. Jeff Marchiafava (November 2, 2012). "My Big Dumb Recap Of Halo's Ridiculous Story". Game Informer. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  28. Ron Whitaker (July 16, 2015). "8 Terrible Video Game Villains". The Escapist. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  29. George Reith (January 17, 2011). "Top 10 Most Awful Looking Villains". Gamingbolt. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  30. Michael Swaim (February 8, 2020). "3 Great Gaming Villains Whose Plans Make No Sense". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  31. Brian Barnett (February 26, 2019). "Borderlands Developer Was Considered for Halo 4 - IGN Unfiltered". IGN. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  32. Thorsen, Tor (July 20, 2009). "Microsoft names internal Halo label?". Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  33. Staff (November 29, 2008). "The top 25 evil masterminds of all time". GameDaily. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  34. Ashton Raze (October 17, 2011). "Gaming's Greatest Robots". The Telegraph. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  35. Tripp Papineau (November 10, 2014). "Top Ten Halo Campaign Levels". The Escapist. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  36. Kirk Hamilton (August 27, 2011). "Halo: Anniversary Deftly Repaints Gaming History". Kotaku. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  37. Vore, Bryan (November 2011). "Taking Over 'Halo'". Game Informer. 11 (223): 28–33. ISSN 1067-6392.
  38. Staff (2007). "343 Guilt O'Lantern: 2007 Edition". Halo.Bungie.Org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  39. Staff (2015). "343 Guilt O'Lantern: 2015 Edition". Halo.Bungie.Org. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  40. Timothy Torres (September 23, 2014). "5 Things Destiny Swiped From Halo". PC Magazine. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  41. Andy Hartup (July 17, 2014). "Destiny is very much Halo: The MMO - but that's a great thing". Gamesradar. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  42. Russell Holly (July 23, 2014). "Five ways Destiny flat out rips off Halo". Geek.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
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