Abortion in Illinois

Abortion in Illinois is legal. Laws about abortion dated to the early 1800s in Illinois, and it became a criminal offense for the first time in 1827. Illegal abortions date in the state date back to 1888.  As hospitals set up barriers in the 1950s, the number of therapeutic abortions declined.  Following Roe v. Wade in 1973, Illinois updated its existing abortion laws in late May 2019. By 2010, the state had a number of newer abortion limitations in place including Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP). The state has seen a decline in abortion clinics over the years, going from 58 in 1982 to 47 in 1992 to 24 in 2014.

A 2014 poll of people in Illinois in 2014 found 56% believed that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. That same year, 38,472 abortion procedures took place in the state, 8.2% by out of state residents. Publicly funded abortions for poor women came from a mix of state and federal resources. Abortion rights activism has been present in the state for many years, with Abortion Counseling Service of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union created in the early 1960s, helping around 12,000 women get abortions between 1969 and 1973.  Protests have also taken place, including a #StoptheBans march in Chicago in May 2019. Several anti-abortion rights organizations are also based in Illinois, including Illinois Family Institute (IFI) and the Eagle Trust Fund founded by Phyllis Schlafly. Illinois has also seen anti-abortion rights violence, including a bombing in 1982, a kidnapping in August 1982, and a priest driving a car into a clinic in September 2000. All state statues placing some restrictions on abortion were later repealed in June 2019.[1][2]

Terminology
Main article: Abortion

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the "induced abortion" of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.[3]

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[4][5] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[6][7] Both "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[8] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[9]

Context

Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having a fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link.  At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.[10]

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[11] According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the Guttmacher Institute, states have legislation seeking to protect a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[11]

Poor women in the United States had problems paying for menstrual pads and tampons in 2018 and 2019. Almost two-thirds of American women could not pay for them. These were not available through the federal Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC).[12] Lack of menstrual supplies has an economic impact on poor women.  A study in St. Louis found that 36% had to miss days of work because they lacked adequate menstrual hygiene supplies during their period.  This was on top of the fact that many had other menstrual issues including bleeding, cramps and other menstrual induced health issues.[12] Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Nevada, and Pennsylvania all had exemptions for essential hygiene products like tampons and menstrual pads as of November 2018.[13][14][15][16]

History

The Chicago Times published an undercover exposé on abortion in the city in 1888. One reporter managed to get a referral for an abortion with the head of the Chicago Medical Society.[17] In 1956, Mt. Sinai Hospital in Chicago created an anonymous committee to approve all requests for therapeutic abortions. As a result, the number of therapeutic abortions in 1957 was 3, down from 15 the previous year.[18]

Legislative history

A law in Illinois from the early 1800s prohibited the sale of drugs that could induce abortions. The law classed these as a poison.[19] In 1827, Illinois became the first state in the national to criminalize by statute abortion before prequickening.[20] Illinois passed a bill making abortion a criminal offense in early 1867.[21] Around 1870, Illinois passed another law banning the sale of drugs that could cause induced abortions. The law is notable because it allowed an exception for "the written prescription of some well known and respectable practicing physician." [19] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[20]

In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics.[22]

As of 2017, Washington State, New Mexico, Illinois, Alaska, Maryland, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey allow qualified non-physicians to prescribe drugs for medical abortions only.[23]

Prior to May 2019, state law had not been updated since Roe v. Wade and officially banned abortions after 12 weeks.[24] In February 2019, state legislators had introduced a bill to make abortion a person's right to have and remove the 12 week ban from the books.[24][25] Action was demanded in May 2019 to try to move this bill ahead after Alabama and Georgia's state governments passed laws all but restricting abortions.[24][26] As of May 14, 2019, the state prohibited abortions after the fetus was viable, generally some point between week 24 and 28 based on the standard defined by the US Supreme Court in 1973 with the Roe v. Wade ruling, not because of legislative action.[27][24][25]

On May 31, 2019, the Illinois General Assembly became the eleventh state to pass bills protecting abortion rights in the state in response to anti-abortion legislation being passed elsewhere. The bills, pushed through by the Democratic controlled House and Senate and known as the Reproductive Health Act, provide statutory protections for abortions and rescinded previous legislation that banned some late-term abortions and a 45-year-old law that had made performing such abortions a criminal offense. After the bill passed, Governor Pritzker was on the Illinois Senate floor, hugging and congratulating abortion rights supporters.[28][29][30] The Reproductive Health Act said, women have the "fundamental right" to access abortion services and that a "fertilized egg, embryo, or fetus does not have independent rights."[31] Pritzker signed the bill into law on June 12, 2019[1][2]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[20]

Clinic history
Number of abortion clinics in Illinois by year.

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by 11, going from 58 in 1982 to 47 in 1992.[32] In 2014, there were 24 abortion clinics in the state.[33] 92% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 40% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[34] In 2017, there were 17 Planned Parenthood clinics in a state with a population of 3,003,374 women aged 15 – 49 of which 11 offered abortion services.[35] Following the announcement in late-May 2019 that the last remaining abortion clinic in the state of Missouri would likely close because it was unable to meet new state licensing rules, abortion clinics in Illinois prepared for an influx of new patients by hiring additional staff and increasing their opening hours. Hope Clinic in Granite City was one of the clinics most likely to be impacted because of its location relative to St. Louis, Missouri.[36][37]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15 – 44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[38] In 1990, 1,402,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[32] In 2014, 56% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[39] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 6.1 deaths per 1,000 live births.[11]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[40]
Census division and stateNumberRate% change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
East North Central204,810185,800190,05020.718.919.3–7
Illinois68,42068,16069,39025.425.626.13
Indiana15,84014,03014,8501210.611.2–7
Michigan55,58049,37048,78025.222.622.3–11
Ohio49,52040,94042,87019.516.217–13
Wisconsin15,45013,30014,16013.611.612.3–9
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by
out-of-state residents		 Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Illinois 68,420 25.4 1992 [40]
Illinois 68,160 25.6 1995 [40]
Illinois 69,390 26.1 1996 [40]
Illinois33,91813.121438,47214.82438.22014[41]
Illinois 35,237 13.7 223 39,856 15.5 252 8.5 2015 [42]
Illinois 33,311 13.1 216 38,382 15.1 249 12.2 2016 [43]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion financing
State Medicaid coverage of medically necessary abortion services. Navy blue: Medicaid covers medically necessary abortion for low-income women through legislation. Royal blue: Medicaid covers medically necessary abortions for low-income women under court order. Gray: Medicaid denies abortion coverage for low-income women except for cases of rape, incest, or life endangerment.

17 states including Illinois used their own funds to cover all or most "medically necessary" abortions sought by low-income women under Medicaid, 13 of which are required by State court orders to do so.[44] In 2010, the state had 371 publicly funded abortions, of which were 237 federally and 134 were state funded.[45]

Criminal prosecution

Between 1974 and May 2019, there was a law that said that anyone who performed a late term abortion could be charged criminally with that offense. No one was ever charged with violating that law.[28]

Abortion rights activism

Organizations

The Abortion Counseling Service of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union was established by Chicago area feminists as a way to try to provide local women with safe and affordable illegal abortions during the late 1960s and early 1970s.  According to Laura Kaplan who wrote a history of the group, members assisted women in having 11,000 safe abortions.[46][47] Another estimate put the total abortions assisted by the group as 12,000 between 1969 and 1973.[47]

Activities
2017 Chicago Women's March.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services was before the US Supreme Court in 1989.  The Court ruled in a case over a Missouri law that banned abortions being performed in public buildings unless there was a need to save the life of the mother, required physicians to determine if a fetus was past 20 weeks and was viable in addition to other restrictions on a woman's ability to get an abortion.  The US Supreme Court largely ruled in favor of the law, but made clear that this was not an overruling of  Roe v. Wade.[48] As a response to this Supreme Court decision, the radical feminist art collective Sister Serpents was formed in Chicago to empower women and to increase awareness of women's issues through radical art.[49][50]

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[51] Many women wore red, referencing women in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale in Chicago.[52]

Views

Women in Film Executive Director Kirsten Schaffer said of Georgia and other states similar restrictive abortion bans passed in early 2019, "A woman's right to make choices about her own body is fundamental to her personal and professional well-being. [...] We support people who make the choice not to take their production to Georgia or take a job in Georgia because of the draconian anti-choice law. To that end, we've compiled a list of pro-choice states that offer meaningful tax rebates and production incentives, and encourage everyone to explore these alternatives: California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Washington."[53]

Anti-abortion activities and views

Organizations

Illinois Family Institute (IFI), a Christian nonprofit organization opposed to abortion, separation of church and state, "activist judges", the "marriage penalty", civil unions, same-sex marriage, gambling and drug legalization based in Illinois.[54][55][56]

In 1967, Phyllis Schlafly launched the Eagle Trust Fund in Chicago, Illinois for receiving donations related to conservative causes.[57] The Eagle Forum was pegged by Schlafly as "the alternative to women's lib." It is opposed to a number of feminist issues, which founder Phyllis Schlafly claimed were "extremely destructive" and "poisoned the attitudes of many young women." The organization believes only in a family consisting of a father, mother and children. They are supportive of women's role as "fulltime homemakers",[58] and opposed to same-sex marriage. Eagle Forum opposes abortion and has defended the push for government defunding of Planned Parenthood.[59]

Verbal Confrontation Between Pro Life and Pro Choice Groups Stop Brett Kavanaugh Rally Downtown Chicago Illinois August 26, 18.

Activities

After the 1972 proposal of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), Schlafly reorganized her efforts to defeat its ratification, founding the group "Stop ERA"[60] and starting the Eagle Forum Newsletter. In 1975 Stop ERA was renamed the Eagle Forum.[60] According to Schlafly, the passage of the ERA could "mean Government-funded abortions, homosexual schoolteachers, women forced into military combat and men refusing to support their wives." The newsletter began to circulate, and many conservative women wrote to their legislators, relaying the concerns voiced by Schlafly in the Eagle Forum Newsletter.[61] Support for The Eagle Forum grew with the support of many conservative women and various church groups, as did the opposition to the ERA. Many of the same women who had helped Schlafly distribute her book were involved with STOP ERA. Less than a year after its creation, STOP ERA had grown to several thousand members.[62]

The Pro-life Action League became active in Chicago in 1980 and tried to disrupt the ability of women to seek abortions by engaging in a variety of tactics including "sidewalk counseling", sit-ins, and disrupting the water and sewage supplies to abortion clinics.  The group's leader Joe Scheidler published a book in 1985 called Closed: 99 Ways to Stop Abortion.[63]

The methods used by Pro-life Action League would later become known as the "Chicago Method", which relied on an approach to sidewalk counseling that involves giving those about to enter an abortion facility copies of lawsuits filed against the facility or its physicians.[64]

Activism

Beginning in 1983, American Catholic Cardinal Joseph Bernardin argued that abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, and unjust war are all related, and all wrong. He said that "to be truly 'pro-life,' you have to take all of those issues into account."[65]

Donations

Following the passage of abortion bans in Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi in early 2019, Pro-Life Action League saw an increase in donations and people asking to volunteer to help the organization.[66]

Violence

1982 saw a surge in attacks on abortion clinics in the United States with at least 4 arson attacks and 1 bombing.  One attack occurred in Illinois and one in Virginia.  Two occurred Florida.  These 5 attacks caused over US$1.1 million in damage.[63] In August 1982, three men identifying as the Army of God kidnapped Hector Zevallos (a doctor and clinic owner) and his wife, Rosalee Jean, holding them for eight days.[67][63]

On September 30, 2000, John Earl, a Catholic priest, drove his car into the Northern Illinois Health Clinic after learning that the FDA had approved the drug RU-486. He pulled out an ax before being forced to the ground by the owner of the building, who fired two warning shots from a shotgun.[68]

Footnotes
  1. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:
    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.
    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".

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