Acis (plant)

Acis is a genus of perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae[1]). The genus consists of nine species distributed in Europe and Northern Africa. Acis was previously included in Leucojum; both genera are known as snowflakes.

For other uses of "Acis", see ACIS (disambiguation).

Acis
Flower of Acis autumnalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Acis
Salisb.
Species

See text.

Description

Acis species are perennial bulbous plants. The flowers have six equally sized tepals, unlike the related genus Galanthus (snowdrops) in which the inner three tepals are shorter than the outer three. The tepals are unmarked, differing in this respect from Leucojum. Most species have white tepals, although those of Acis rosea are pale pink. Acis species are relatively short, up to 15 cm (6 in) in Acis autumnalis and 45 cm (18 in) in Acis tingitana. The leaves are narrow; very narrow (filiform) in Acis trichophylla. The flower stalks (scapes) are solid.[2][3]

Taxonomy

Acis was first differentiated from the genus Leucojum by Richard Anthony Salisbury in The Paradisus Londinensis in 1807.[4] In an earlier part of this work, he had used the name Leucojum autumnale for the plant illustrated in plate 21, but when discussing Leucojum pulchellum, illustrated in plate 74, Salisbury noted the differences between the two species and considered them sufficient to put Leucojum autumnale into a new genus, Acis.[5] (However, he did not actually use the name Acis autumnalis, which was published in 1829 by Robert Sweet.[6]) Salisbury did not explain the origin of the name Acis beyond describing it as a "poetic title".[5] It may refer to the myth of Acis and Galatea.

Most later botanists did not accept the distinction between Leucojum and Acis.[2][3] Acis was reinstated in 2004, after it was determined on morphological and molecular grounds that the broadly defined genus Leucojum was paraphyletic, with Acis and a more narrowly defined Leucojum being related as shown the following cladogram.[3]

Galantheae
 

Acis

 
 
 

Leucojum s.s.

 
 

Galanthus

 
 
 
traditional Leucojum

A possible relationship among the species of the genus Acis is shown in the following cladogram. (In the study, Acis ionica was treated as "Acis valentina from Greece").[3]

 
 
 
 
 

Acis fabrei

 
 

Acis nicaeensis

 
 
 
 

Acis valentina

 
 

Acis ionica

 
 
 
 
 

Acis longifolia

 
 

Acis rosea

 
 
 
 
 

Acis autumnale

 
 
 

Acis tingitana

 
 

Acis trichophylla

 
 
 
 

Species

As of 25 February 2020, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepted nine species, most formerly placed in Leucojum.[7]

  • Acis autumnalis (L.) Sweet – W. & W. Central Mediterranean
  • Acis fabrei (Quézel & Girerd) Lledó – S.E. France (around Mont Ventoux and River Nesque)
  • Acis longifolia J.Gay ex M.Roem. – Corsica
  • Acis nicaeensis (Ardoino) Lledó, A.P.Davis & M.B.Crespo – S.E. France (from Nice eastwards)
  • Acis ionica Bareka, Kamari & Phitos, syns. Leucojum ionicum Kit Tan, Mullaj, Sfikas & Strid, Acis orientalis Strid – SW. Albania to W. Greece
  • Acis rosea (F.Martin bis) Sweet – Corsica, Sardinia
  • Acis tingitana (Baker) Lledó, A.P.Davis & M.B.Crespo – Morocco
  • Acis trichophylla G.Don – Central & S. Portugal, S. Central & S.W. Spain, Morocco
  • Acis valentina (Pau) Lledó, A.P.Davis & M.B.Crespo – E. Spain (N. of Valencia)

Cultivation

The species Acis autumnalis has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[8]

References
  1. Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), "Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, retrieved 2014-02-25
  2. Mathew, Brian (1987), The Smaller Bulbs, London: B.T. Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8, pp. 119–121
  3. Lledó, Ma D.; Davis, A.P.; Crespo, M.B.; Chase, M.W.; Fay, M.F. (2004), "Phylogenetic analysis of Leucojum and Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae) based on plastid matK and nuclear ribosomal spacer (ITS) DNA sequences and morphology", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 246 (3–4): 223–243, doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0152-0, S2CID 43826738, retrieved 2017-12-04
  4. "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Acis", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2014-11-12
  5. Salisbury, R.A. & Hooker, W. (1805–1808), The Paradisus Londonensis : or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis, London: W. Hooker (printer D.N. Shury), t. 74, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.53520, OCLC 1864969
  6. "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Acis autumnalis", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2014-11-12
  7. "Search for Acis", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2020-02-25
  8. "Acis autumnalis", RHS Plant Selector, retrieved 2014-11-12
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