Al-Juwayni

Dhia' ul-Dīn 'Abd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Juwaynī al-Shafi'ī (Persian: امام الحرمین ضیاءالدین عبدالملک ابن یوسف جوینی شافعی‎, 17 February 1028— 19 August 1085; 419—478 AH) was a Persian[5] Sunni Shafi'i jurist and mutakallim theologian. His name is commonly abbreviated as Al-Juwayni; he is also commonly referred to as Imam al Haramayn,[1][6] meaning "leading master of the two holy cities", that is, Mecca and Medina.

Imam al-Haramayn Dhia' ul-Din al-Juwayni امام الحرمین ضیاءُ الدین الجُوَینی
TitleImam al-Haramayn[1] Sheikh ul-Islam[1] Dia al-Din [1]
Personal
Born17 February 1028[2]
Boštanekān, Jowayin County, near Nishapur, Greater Khorasan, Persia, now Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Died20 August 1085 (aged 57)
ReligionIslam
EthnicityPersian
EraMiddle Ages Islamic Golden Age
RegionPersia, Hejaz, Iraq
DenominationSunni Islam
JurisprudenceShafi'i
CreedAsh'ari[3][4]
Main interest(s)Usul al-fiqh, Fiqh, Kalam
OccupationMuslim scholar
Muslim leader

Biography

Al-Juwayni was born on 17 February 1028 in a village on the outskirts of Naysabur called Bushtaniqan in Iran,[7] Al-Juwayni was a prominent Muslim scholar known for his gifted intellect in Islamic legal matters. Al-Juwayni was born into a family of legal study. His father, Abu Muhammad 'Abdallah b. Yusef al-Juwayni, was a well-known master of Law in the Shafi′i community as well as a Shafi'i teacher and his older brother, Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali al-Juwayni, was a Sufi teacher of Hadith.

Al-Juwayni grew up in Naysabur,[7] an intellectually thriving area drawing scholars to it. Naturally, Juwayni did not have to search far for his education. At the time, the teachings of the Shafi'i school were closely linked to the Ash'arite theology which al-Juwayni decided to study for several years after the death of his father, though he would later regret the time he invested in studying and debating the school's principles while on his deathbed.[8] He took over for his father at this point and began his teaching career at only 19 years of age.[7]

The Seljuks, at the time, were moving quickly in their conquest of eastern Iran and Tughril Beg became the first sultan. Tughril Beg was a Mutazili-Hanafi adherent and at the time, the Ash'arite theological camp and the Hanafi school of legal thought shared a hostile relationship based in differences of opinion regarding doctrine and when Tughril Beg was named wazir in Nishapur, he forbid al-Juwayni to practice or teach the Ash'ari theological perspective.[7]

Al-Juwayni traveled to Mecca and Medina in search of an interim home. He taught and studied there in Hijaz for four years.[9] During this time, al-Juwayni became hugely popularized because of his father's prominence in the scholarly world, and his exile.[7] He gained a large following and was invited back to Nishapur by the founder of the Shafii Madrasa, Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk. Upon his return, Juwayni was appointed to teach the doctrine of the Ash'arites at the Nizamiyya Madrasa until he died in 1085CE (which would turn out to be about 26 years).[9] Al-Juwayni spent his life studying and producing influential treatises in Muslim government; it is suspected that most of his works (below) came out of this period after his return from Mecca and Medina.[7]

Al-Juwayni was the teacher of one of the most influential scholars in the Islamic tradition, particularly Sufism, al-Ghazali.[6][9]

Doctrine

Al-Juwayni, a Sunni jurist and Mutakallim, or scholar engaged in the study of theological principles, spent his life deciphering between what a Muslim ought and ought not to do. He was said to be stubborn and accepting of any legal speculation whatsoever. His basic principle was that the law should not be left to speculation on any grounds. Rather, texts hold the answers to any possible legal debate in some capacity or another.[7] He was a master of the Koran and Hadith texts in addition to being well versed in the particular school of Shafi'i and theological practices of the Ash'arite persuasion.[10]

Works

Al-Juwayni's primary work Kitab Al-Irshad Ila Qawati' Al-Adilla Fi Usul al-I'tiqad (Arabic: کتاب الارشاد علی قواطع الادله فی اصول الاعتقاد‎), his "guidebook to conclusive proofs for the principles of belief" helps to illustrate his doctrine. It is intended to outline exactly what has been proven, what can be proven and how those things can be proven.[10] He focuses much of his attention on God and the fundamental Islamic principle that God is the only and all-powerful creator. He explains that we are often caught up in a temporally contingent existence, lost in continuity but that we should realize God's ability to interrupt this continuity at any time.[11] Al-Juwayni focuses a similar amount of attention on legal methodology and is particularly concerned with the methods for discerning difficult debates. He explains abrogation, for example, in great detail.[10]

In fiqh, uṣūl, kalām

  • Ghiyath al-Umam
  • Mughith al-Khalq
  • Nihaya al-Matlab fi Diraya al-Madhhab ("The End of the Quest in the Knowledge of the [Shafi'i] School"), his magnum opus, which Ibn 'Asakir said had no precedent in Islam
  • Mukhtasar al-Nihaya.
  • al-Burhan
  • al-Talkhis
  • al-Waraqat
  • al-Shamil
  • Kitab Al-Irshad Ila Qawati' Al-Adilla Fi Usul al-I'tiqad, shortly known as Al-Irshad
  • al-'Aqida al-Nizamiyya

The book Fara'id al-Simtayn is sometimes mistakenly thought to be authored by the Sunni Abd'al Malik al-Juwayni. It was in fact authored by another Sunni scholar Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Himaway al Juwayni who died in 1322 AD (722 A.H.)[12]

See also
  • Islamic scholars

References
  • Musharraf, M. N. (2015) "Explanation of Al-Waraqat - A Classical Text on Usul Al Fiqh", Printed by Australian Islamic Library, WA. ISBN 978-1-329-78803-9 [6]
  • Al-Juwayni,Yusef. A Guide to the Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief. 1 ed. Eissa S. Muhammad. The Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, 2000.
  • Messick, Brinkley. "Kissing Hands and Knees: Hegemony and Hierarchy in Shari'a Discourse." Law & Society Review 22, no. 4 (1988): 637-660.
  • Hallaq, Wael B.. "Caliphs, Jurists and the Saljuqs in the Political Thought of Juwayni." The Muslim World 74, no. 1 (1984): 26-41.
  • Fadiman & Frager,James & Robert. Essential Sufism. 1 ed. James Fadiman & Robert Frager. San Francisco : Harper Collins, 1997.
  • Johnston, David. "A Turn in the Epistemology and Hermeneutics of Twentieth Century Usul Al-Fiqh." Islamic Law & Society 11, no. 2 (2004): 233-282.
  • Sohaira Z.M Siddiqui, Law and Politics under the Abbasids. An Intellectual Portrait of al-Juwayni, Cambridge University Press, avril 2019.

Citations
  1. M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy, 1.242. ISBN 9694073405
  2. Thomas, David (24 March 2010). Thomas, David (ed.). "Al-Juwāynī". Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500. doi:10.1163/1877-8054_cmri_com_22590.
  3. A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam). Oneworld Publications. p. 179. ISBN 978-1851686636.
  4. Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012). Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 387. ISBN 978-90-04-23424-6.
  5. Donzel, E. J. Van (1994-01-01). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. p. 192. ISBN 9789004097384. Al-juwayni persian jurist.
  6. https://archive.org/download/AlWaraqatOfImamAlJuvainiCommentaryByMuhammadNabeelMusharraf/Al-Waraqat%20of%20Imam%20Al-Juvaini%20-%20Commentary%20by%20Muhammad%20Nabeel%20Musharraf.pdf
  7. Al-Juwayni, Yusef. A Guide to the Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief. 1 ed. Eissa S. Muhammad. The Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, 2000
  8. Rashid Ahmad Jullundhry, Qur'anic Exegesis in Classical Literature, pgs. 53-54. New Westminster: The Other Press, 2010. ISBN 9789675062551
  9. Messick, Brinkley. "Kissing Hands and Knees: Hegemony and Hierarchy in Shari'a Discourse." Law & Society Review 22, no. 4 (1988): 637-660.
  10. Hallaq, Wael B.. "Caliphs, Jurists and the Saljuqs in the Political Thought of Juwayni." The Muslim World 74, no. 1 (1984): 26-41.
  11. Fadiman & Frager,James & Robert. Essential Sufism. 1 ed. James Fadiman & Robert Frager. San Francisco : Harper Collins, 1997.
  12. Mu`ajam al-Mu`alafeen Vol.1 Page 89
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