Al Swearengen

Ellis Alfred Swearingen (July 8, 1845 – November 15, 1904) was an American pimp and entertainment entrepreneur who ran the Gem Theater, a notorious brothel, in Deadwood, South Dakota, for 22 years during the late 19th century.

Al Swearingen
The Gem Theater circa 1878. The man in the buggy on the left is thought to be Swearingen.
Born
Ellis Alfred Swearingen

(1845-07-08)July 8, 1845
Oskaloosa, Iowa Territory, U.S.
DiedNovember 15, 1904(1904-11-15) (aged 59)
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
OccupationPimp, early entertainment entrepreneur
Spouse(s)Nettie Swearingen (divorced)
Two other marriages also ended in divorce[1]

Personal life

Swearengen (sometimes spelled "Swearingen", Swearengin, Swearngir, etc.) and his twin brother, Lemuel, were the eldest two of eight children of Dutch American farmer Daniel J. Swearingen[2] (1817–1886) and Keziah "Katie" Montgomery (1818–1879) of Oskaloosa, Iowa.[1] Swearengen remained at home well into his adult years and only arrived in Deadwood in May 1876, with his wife, Nettie Swearengen.[3] Nettie later divorced him on the grounds of spousal abuse.[4] Swearengen married two more times; both subsequent marriages also ended in divorce.[1]

Deadwood

Swearengen originally owned and operated a canvas-and-lumber saloon in Deadwood known as the Cricket, which featured gambling and hosted prizefights. Shortly afterward, he closed it down and opened a larger saloon known as the Gem Theater.[5]

The Gem functioned as a saloon, dance hall, and brothel. Swearengen lured desperate young women to Deadwood, then forced them into prostitution through a combination of bullying and physical brutality committed by him and his henchmen.[4][1] Calamity Jane, who was one of his first dancers at the Gem, procured 10 girls from Sidney, Nebraska for him on one occasion.[6]

The results were highly lucrative: the Gem earned a nightly average of $5,000, and sometimes as much as $10,000 (equivalent to $240,000 in 2019).[7][3] The Gem burned down on September 26, 1879, along with much of the town, but Swearengen rebuilt his establishment larger and more opulent than ever, to great public acclaim.[8]

Swearengen's talent for making canny alliances and financial payoffs kept him insulated from the general drive to clean up Deadwood, including the otherwise successful work of Seth Bullock, the town's first sheriff.

In 1899, the Gem burned down once again and was not rebuilt.[8] The same year, Swearengen left Deadwood and married Odelia Turgeon.[9]

Death

It is often reported that Swearengen died penniless while trying to hop a freight train, but research suggests he was murdered. According to his rediscovered obituary and contemporaneous newspaper accounts, Swearengen was found dead in the middle of a suburban Denver street on November 15, 1904, apparently of a massive head wound. Less than two months earlier, his twin brother Lemuel had been shot by unknown assailants and survived, although suspiciously was not robbed.[10]

From 2004 to 2006, the HBO television series Deadwood depicted Swearengen as a powerful and influential figure in the early history of the town, ruthlessly murderous and abusive, but ultimately guiding it towards its development and annexation to the Dakota Territory once he comes to see this course as fitting his best interests. The series altered Swearengen to be English-born, and also changed his first name to Albert. The English actor Ian McShane won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama in 2005 for his portrayal of Swearengen. He was also nominated that year for Emmy and Screen Actors Guild Awards, and TV Guide named him #6 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.[11] The series also altered timelines; it shows the Gem (historically opened in April 1877) as a going concern during the famous events of August 1876.

McShane reprised his role of Swearengen in Deadwood: The Movie (2019), which takes place in 1889, ten years after the series ended, and abandons any linkage to history. This time we see a much different Swearengen who has made peace with many from his past and is seen now as more of a community leader. Time has taken its toll on Swearengen, and throughout the film he is in declining health ending with his implied imminent death due to complications of liver failure. He leaves the Gem to his former prostitute Trixie (a character played by Paula Malcomson, created for the series and not based on any one real life person).[12] This is in contrast to the historical Swearengen's murder 15 years later.

See also

References
  1. Fifer, Barbara C. (April 1, 2008). Bad Boys of the Black Hills: And Some Wild Women, Too. Farcountry Press. pp. 116–119. ISBN 978-1-56037-548-7.
  2. "Daniel J. Swearingen". Find-A-Grave. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  3. Griffith, T. D. (December 8, 2009). Deadwood: The Best Writings On The Most Notorious Town In The West. TwoDot. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-4617-4754-3.
  4. Ames, John Edwards (August 31, 2004). The Real Deadwood. New York: Penguin Group US. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-101-07811-2.
  5. Shadley, Mark; Wennes, Josh (2012). Haunted Deadwood: A True Wild West Ghost Town. HISTORY PressINC. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-60949-325-7.
  6. Stephens, John Richard (October 3, 2016). Wildest Lives of the Wild West: America through the Words of Wild Bill Hickok, Billy the Kid, and Other Famous Westerners. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4930-2444-5.
  7. Parker, Watson (1981). Deadwood: The Golden Years. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 174, 184, 193. ISBN 978-0-8032-8702-0.
  8. Johnson, Michael Schall (September 30, 2015). The Bloody Road of Gold: Calamity, Wild Bill, Boone May, Courage and Romance in the Old West. Outskirts Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-4787-5457-2.
  9. Black Hills Nuggets. Rapid City Society for Genealogical Research, Inc. 1980. p. 2.
  10. "Swearengen likely murdered, research indicates". BHPioneer.com. July 24, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
  11. Bretts, Bruce & Roush, Matt (March 25, 2013). "Baddies to the Bone: The 60 nastiest villains of all time". TV Guide. pp. 14–15.
  12. Sepinwall, Alan (June 2, 2018). "'Deadwood: The Movie': A Proper F-ckin' Farewell for TV's Unfinished Masterpiece". Rolling Stone.
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