Ansar Dine

For the Sufi-based organization, see Chérif Ousmane Madani Haïdara.

Ansar Dine
Dates of operation2012 – 2017
Active regionsMali
Senegal
Mauritania
IdeologySalafist Jihadism
Salafism
OpponentsState Opponents

Non-State Opponents

Battles and warsInsurgency in the Maghreb
This article is about the Islamist group based in Mali. For the Islamist group based in Syria, see Ansar al-Din Front.

Ansar Dine (Arabic: أنصار الدين‎ ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn, also transliterated Ançar Deen; meaning "helpers of the (Islamic) religion")[2] also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD)[3] was a militant Islamist group led by Iyad Ag Ghaly, one of the most prominent leaders of the Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995) who is suspected of having ties to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, which is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama. Ansar Dine seeks to impose strict Sharia law across Mali.[4][5] The group's first action was in March 2012. The organization is not to be confused with the Sufi movement Ançar Dine, started in Southern Mali by Chérif Ousmane Haidara in the 1980s, which is fundamentally opposed to militant Islamism.[6][7] Ansar Dine is opposed to Sufi shrines.[8]

Organization

Membership

Ansar Dine has its main base among the Ifora tribe from the southern part of the Tuaregs' homeland.[9] It has been linked with Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) because its leader Iyad Ag Ghaly is the cousin of AQIM commander Hamada Ag Hama.[5] In April 2012, Salma Belaala, a professor at Warwick University who does research on jihadism in North Africa said that this association was false, claiming that Ansar Dine was opposed to Al Qaeda.[10] Ag Ghaly was also previously associated with the 1990 Tuareg rebellion.[5] The group's members are reported to come from Mali, Algeria, and Nigeria.[11] Omar Ould Hamaha, who served as Ansar Dine's spokesman after April 2012, became the military leader of the AQIM-affiliated Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA) in August 2012.[12]

On 24 January 2013, a faction calling itself the Islamic Movement for the Azawad split from Ansar Dine. As of January 2013, this group was led by prominent Tuareg leader Alghabass Ag Intalla.[13][14]

In March 2013 it was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. Department of State,[15] and similarly classed as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council.[16] and Iraq in 2019.[17]

Command structure

In Mopti, the Ansar Dine fighters obtained access to heavy construction equipment from fleeing construction workers and used them to build fighting positions. The fighting positions include an elaborate tunnel network and vehicular obstacles such as trenches.[18]

Weapons
Ansar Dine jihadi technical in Timbuktu in 2012.

Ansar Dine has reportedly put together at least one convoy of 100 vehicles carrying soldiers equipped with small arms.[19] There have also been rumors that fighters may have been able to obtain weapons from Libya's weapons depots after the fall of Muammar Gaddafi.[20] The Ansar Dine arsenal also includes anti aircraft weapons which can be mounted on pickup trucks.[21][22]

Ideology

The group seeks to impose sharia law across Mali, including the Azawad region. Witnesses have said that Ansar Dine fighters wear long beards and fly black flags with the shahada (Islamic creed) emblazoned in white.[23][24][25] According to different reports, unlike the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), Ansar Dine does not seek independence but rather to keep Mali intact and convert it into a rigid theocracy.[26][27]

Participation in 2012 northern Mali conflict
Main article: Tuareg rebellion (2012)

March 2012

On 21 March 2012, the group claimed control of Mali's vast northeast regions. The Agence France-Presse reported that Ansar Dine claimed to occupy the towns of Tinzaouaten, Tessalit, and Aguelhok, all close to the Algerian border, and that they had captured at least 110 civilian and military prisoners.[28] France accused the group of summarily executing 82 soldiers and civilians in capturing Aguelhok, describing the group's tactics as "Al-Qaeda-style".[28]

On 22 March, mutineering Malian soldiers unhappy with Amadou Toumani Touré overthrew the Malian government in a coup d'état. Taking advantage of Malian disarray, Ansar Dine and MNLA proceeded to take the towns of Kidal, Gao, and Timbuktu within the following ten days. According to Jeremy Keenan of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Ansar Dine's military contribution was slight compared to the much larger MNLA: "What seems to happen is that when they move into a town, the MNLA take out the military base—not that there's much resistance—and Iyad [Ag Aghaly] goes into town and puts up his flag and starts bossing everyone around about sharia law".[29]

April 2012

On 3 April, the BBC reported that the group had started implementing Sharia law in Timbuktu.[26] That day, Ag Ghaly gave a radio interview in Timbuktu announcing that Sharia would be enforced in the city, including the veiling of women, the stoning of adulterers, and the punitive mutilation of thieves. According to Timbuktu's mayor, the announcement caused nearly all of Timbuktu's Christian population to flee the city.[30] On 6 April, the MNLA issued a declaration of independence. However, the military wing of Ansar Dine rejected it hours after it was issued.[31]

May 2012

Ansar Dine was reportedly responsible for the burning of the tomb of a Sufi saint, a UNESCO World Heritage site, on 4 May in Timbuktu.[32] The group also blocked a humanitarian convoy bringing medical and food aid from reaching Timbuktu on 15 May, objecting to the presence of women in the welcoming committee set up by city residents;[33] after negotiations, the convoy was released on the following day.[34] In Gao, the group reportedly banned video games, Malian and Western music, bars, and football.[33]

On 26 May, the MNLA and Ansar Dine announced a pact in which they would merge to form an Islamist state called the "Islamic Republic of Azawad".[35]

June 2012

However, some later reports indicated that the MNLA had decided to withdraw from the pact, distancing itself from Ansar Dine.[36][37] MNLA and Ansar Dine continued to clash,[38] culminating in the Battle of Gao on 27 June, in which Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa and Ansar Dine took control of the city, driving out the MNLA. The following day, Ansar Dine announced that it was in control of all the cities of northern Mali.[39]

July 2012

In the summer of 2012, members of Ansar Dine broke down the doors of the Sidi Yahya Mosque, which, according to legend, were not to be opened until the Last Days. They claimed that reverence for the site was idolatrous, but offered roughly $100 U.S. dollars to repair the mosque.[40]

November 2012
Ansar Dine and MNLA in Ouagadougou, with Blaise Compaoré, November 16, 2012

Ansar Dine was in peace talks with Mali's neighbours Burkina Faso and Algeria.[41]

January 2013

In late January 2013, during the French Operation Serval against the Islamist fighters in Northern Mali, a faction split off from Ansar Dine, led by Alghabass Ag Intalla(h). It calls itself the Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA) and claims to be ready for negotiations and to reject extremism and terrorism as well as any association with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.[42][43][44]

March 2017

In March 2017, Iyad Ag Ghaly appeared in a video, alongside leaders from the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Al-Mourabitoun and the Macina Liberation Front, in which it was announced their groups were merging under Ag Ghaly's leadership, in an organisation called Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin.[1][45]

References
  1. "Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region". 3 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  2. "Timbuktu taken as Mali junta signals talks". Agence France-Presse. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  3. "American commandos face complicated mission in Mali". Army Times. 18 September 2017.
  4. Armed Islamist group claims control in northeast Mali, AFP
  5. "Islamist fighters call for Sharia law in Mali". Agence France-Presse. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  6. "2012 - Society - Qantara.de". En.qantara.de. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
  7. Flood, Derek Henry (24 July 2012), "Between Islamization and Secession: The Contest for Northern Mali", CTC Sentinel, Combating Terrorism Center, retrieved 12 January 2013
  8. Mali crisis: 'Timbuktu joy after life of fear' retrieved 17 January 2013
  9. Gurfinkiel, Michel (12 April 2012), "Meet Azawad, Africa's Newest Country", PJ Media
  10. Tim Lister (13 April 2012). "Disaster looms for people of Mali as country is split by revolt". CNN. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  11. Tiemoko Diallo and Adama Diarra (1 July 2012). "Mali Islamists destroy more holy Timbuktu sites". Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  12. Thiolay, Boris (3–9 October 2012), "Le djihad du "Barbu rouge"", L'Express (in French), pp. 40–41
  13. Sudarsan Raghavan and Edward Cody (2013-01-25). "French troops face complicated military landscape in Mali". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
  14. Polgreen, Lydia (24 January 2013). "Faction Splits From Ansar Dine in Northern Mali". The New York Times.
  15. "Terrorist Designations of Ansar al-Dine". United States Department of State. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  16. "Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities QE.A.135.13. ANSAR EDDINE". United Nations. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  17. https://moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4542.pdf
  18. "Ansar Dine Mali | Africa - News and Analysis". Africajournalismtheworld.com. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
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  20. Riedel, Bruce (2012), "Al Qaeda's Resurgence", A World Connected: Globalization in the 21st Century, Yale Global Online, p. 137, ISBN 978-0977992201
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  25. Nkrumah, Gamal (12–18 April 2012). "Saharan quicksand". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  26. "Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says". BBC News. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  27. Kosciejew, Marc (10 April 2012), "Mali's Azawadian Factor, Part 1: Tuareg Secession, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and an Impending Humanitarian Disaster", Robben Island, Center for African Affairs and Global Peace, archived from the original on 31 July 2012
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  38. "Mali rebel groups 'clash in Kidal'". BBC News. 8 June 2012.
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  42. Valdmanis, Richard; Lewis, David (24 January 2013), "Split emerges within Mali Islamist alliance as Africans prepare assault", The Globe and Mail, Toronto
  43. "Mali's Ansar Dine Islamists 'split and want talks'", BBC News, 24 January 2013
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  45. "Islamic extremist groups to merge in Mali, pledge allegiance to al-Quaida".
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