Antipope

An antipope (Latin: antipapa) is a person who, in opposition to the lawful pope, makes a significant attempt to occupy the position of Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church.[1] At times between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by important factions within the Church itself and by secular rulers.

Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case of Pope Leo VIII and Pope Benedict V.[2]

Persons who merely claim to be pope and have few followers, such as the modern sedevacantist antipopes, are not classified with the historical antipopes.

History

Hippolytus of Rome (d. 235) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus[3] and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of Rome, remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him.

Eusebius quotes[4] from an unnamed earlier writer the story of Natalius, a 3rd-century priest who accepted the bishopric of the Adoptionists,[5] a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully begged Pope Zephyrinus to receive him into communion.[6][7]

Novatian (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed the See of Rome in opposition to Pope Cornelius, and if Natalius and Hippolytus were excluded because of the uncertainties concerning them, Novatian could then be said to be the first antipope.

The period in which antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees to further their own causes. The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants (anti-kings) in Germany to overcome a particular emperor.

The Western Schism—which began in 1378, when the French cardinals, claiming that the election of Pope Urban VI was invalid, elected antipope Clement VII as a rival to the Roman Pope—led eventually to two competing lines of antipopes: the Avignon line (Clement VII took up residence in Avignon, France), and the Pisan line. The Pisan line, which began in 1409, was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the (Pisan) council had elected antipope Alexander V as a third claimant. To end the schism, in May 1415, the Council of Constance deposed antipope John XXIII of the Pisan line. Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. In 1417, the Council also formally deposed antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon, but he refused to resign. Afterwards, Pope Martin V was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area that remained faithful to Benedict XIII.

List of historical antipopes

The following table gives the names of the antipopes included in the list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio, with the addition of the names of Natalius (in spite of doubts about his historicity) and Antipope Clement VIII (whose following was insignificant).[8]

An asterisk marks those who were included in the conventional numbering of later popes who took the same name. More commonly, the antipope is ignored in later papal regnal numbers; for example, there was an Antipope John XXIII, but the new Pope John elected in 1958 was also called John XXIII. For the additional confusion regarding popes named John, see Pope John numbering.

The list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio attaches the following note to the name of Pope Leo VIII (963–965):

At this point, as again in the mid-11th century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the popes.[9]

Thus, because of the obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, the Annuario Pontificio lists Sylvester III as a pope, without thereby expressing a judgement on his legitimacy. The Catholic Encyclopedia places him in its List of Popes,[10] but with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope". Other sources classify him as an antipope.[11][12]

Those with asterisks (*) were counted in subsequent papal numbering.

Pontificate	Common English name	Regnal (Latin) name	Personal name	Place of birth	Age at election / Death or resigned	Years as antipope (days)	Notes	In opposition to
c. 199 – c. 200	Natalius	Natalius	Natalius	c. 159 Rome, Roman Empire	38 / 48	1 year, 0 days (365)	Later reconciled (see above)	Zephyrinus
20 Dec 217 – 28 Sept 235	Saint Hippolytus	Hippolytus	Hippolytus	170 Rome. Roman Empire	45 / 65 (†66)	17 years, 282 days (6491)	Later reconciled with Pope Pontian (see above)	Callixtus I
								Urban I
								Pontian
Mar 251 – Aug 258	Novatian	Novatianus	Novatian	c. 200 Rome, Roman Empire	51 / 58 (†93)	7 years, 153 days (2710)	Founder of Novatianism	Cornelius
								Lucius I
								Stephen I
								Sixtus II
20 Apr 309 – 16 Aug 310	Heraclius	Heraclius	Heraclius	c. 265 Rome, Roman Empire	45 / 46	1 year, 118 days (483)		Eusebius
355 – 26 Nov 365	Felix II*	Felix secundus	Felix	c. 270 Rome, Roman Empire	80 / 90	10 years, 329 days (3982)	Installed by Roman Emperor Constantius II	Liberius
1 Oct 366 – 16 Nov 367	Ursicinus	Ursicinus	Ursinus	c. 200 Rome, Roman Empire	66 / 67	1 year, 46 days (411)		Damasus I
27 December 418 – 3 April 419	Eulalius	Eulalius	Eulalius	c. 370 Rome, Roman Empire	38 / 39 (†42)	1 year, 46 days (411)		Boniface I
22 Nov 498 – Aug 506/08	Laurentius	Laurentius	Lorenzo Celio	c. 460 Rome, Roman Empire	38 / 46 (†48)	9 years, 283 days (3569)	Supported by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I	Symmachus
22 Sep 530 – 14 Oct 530	Dioscorus	Dioscurus	Dióskoros	c. 450 Alexandria	70 / 70	22 days (22)		Boniface II
21 Sep 687	Theodore	Theodorus	Theodore	c. 599 Rome, Western Roman Empire	88 / 88 (†92)	97 days (97)		Sergius I
21 Sep 687	Paschal (I)	Paschalis	Pascale	c. 598 Rome, Western Roman Empire	89 / 89 (†94)	97 days (97)
28 Jun 767 – 6 Aug 768	Constantine II	Constantinus secundus	Konstantinus	c. 700 Rome, Western Roman Empire	67 / 68 (†69)	1 year, 39 days (405)		Between Paul I and Stephen III
31 Jul 768	Philip	Philippus	Philip	c. 701 Rome, Western Roman Empire	68 / 68 (†99)	0 days ()	Installed by envoy of Lombard King Desiderius	Stephen III
25 Jan – 31 May 844	John VIII	Joannes octavus	Giovanni	c. 800 Rome, Papal States	44 / 44 (†91)	151 days (151)	Elected by acclamation	Sergius II
Jan 855 – 31 Mar 855	Anastasius III Bibliothecarius	Anastasius tertius	Anastasius	c. 810 Rome, Papal States	45 / 45 (†68)	89 days (89)		Benedict III
3 Oct 903 – 27 Jan 904	Christopher	Christophorus	Christoforo	c. 850 Rome, Papal States	53 / 54	116 days (116)		Between Leo V and Sergius III
Jul 974	Boniface VII*	Bonifacius	Franco Ferrucci	c. 900 Rome, Papal States	73 / 73 and 84 / 85	30 days (30) 334 days (334) total 364 days (364 days)		Between Benedict VI and Benedict VII
20 Aug 984 – 20 Jul 985								Between John XIV and John XV
Apr 997 – Feb 998	John XVI*	Joannes	John Filagatto	c. 941 Rossano, Calabria, Papal States (Italy)	56 / 56 (†59)	1 year, 0 days (365)	Supported by Byzantine emperor Basil II	Gregory V
Jun 1012	Gregory VI	Gregorius Sextus	Gregorio	c. 960 Rome, Papal States	52 / 52 (†60)	29 days (29)		Benedict VIII
4 Apr 1058 – 24 Jan 1059	Benedict X*	Benedictus Decimus	Giovanni Mincio dei Conti di Tusculo	c. 1000 Rome, Papal States,	58 / 59 (†80)	295 days (295 )	Supported by the Counts of Tusculum	Nicholas II
July 1061 – 31 May 1064	Honorius II	Honorius Secundus	Pietro Cadalus	1010 Verona, Papal States	51 / 54 (†62)	2 years, 335 days (1065)	Supported by Agnes, regent of the Holy Roman Empire	Alexander II
25 Jun 1080, 21 Mar 1084 – 8 Sep 1100	Clement III	Clemens Tertius	Guibert of Ravenna	c. 1029 Parma, Papal States	51 / 51, 54 / 71	20 years, 44 days (7348)	Supported by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor	Gregory VII
								Victor III
								Urban II
								Paschal II
8 Sep 1100 – Jan 1101	Theodoric	Theodoricus	Theodoro	c. 1030 Rome, Papal States,	70 / 71 (†72)	121 days (−244)	Successor to Clement III	Paschal II
Jan 1101 – Feb 1102	Adalbert or Albert	Adalbertus	Albert	c. 1046 Atella, Campania, Papal States,	55 / 56 (†85)	31 days (31)	Successor to Theodoric
8 Nov 1105 – 11 Apr 1111	Sylvester IV	Sylvester Quartus	Maginulf	c. 1050 Rome, Papal States	49 / 55 (†56)	5 years, 324 days (31)	Supported by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
10 Mar 1118 – 22 Apr 1121	Gregory VIII	Gregorius Octavus	Maurice Burdain	c. 1057 Limousin, Occitania, France	61 / 65 (†72)	3 years, 43 days (1139)		Gelasius II
								Callixtus II
16 Dec 1124	Celestine II	Cœlestinus Secundus	Teobaldo Boccapecci	c. 1050 Rome, Papal States	74 / 74 (†86)	0 days ()		Honorius II
14 Feb 1130 – 25 Jan 1138	Anacletus II	Anacletus Secundus	Pietro Pierleoni	c. 1090 Rome, Papal States	48 / 48	7 years, 345 days (2902)		Innocent II
23 Mar 1138	Victor IV	Victor Quartus	Gregorio Conti	c. 1057 Ceccano, Papal States	81 / 81 (†90)	2 days (2)	Successor to Anacletus II
7 Sep 1159 – 20 Apr 1164	Victor IV	Victor Quartus	Ottavio di Montecelio	c. 1095 Tivoli, Papal States	64 / 69	4 years, 226 days (1687)	Supported by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor	Alexander III
22 Apr 1164 – 28 Sep 1168	Paschal III	Paschalis Tertius	Guido di Crema	c. 1110 Crema, Lombardy, Papal States	54 / 58	4 years, 159 days (1620 days)
Sep 1168 – 29 Aug 1178	Callixtus III	Callixtus Tertius	Giovanni of Struma	c. 1090 Arezzo, Papal States	78 / 88 (†90)	9 years, 362 days (3649 days)
29 Sep 1179 – Jan 1180	Innocent III	Innocentius Tertius	Lanzo of Sezza	c. 1120 Sezze, Papal States	59 / 60 (†63)	95 days (95 days)
12 May 1328 – 12 Aug 1330	Nicholas V	Nicolaus Quintus	Pietro Rainalducci	c. 1258 Corvaro, Papal States	70 / 74	2 years, 92 days (822 days)	Supported by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor	John XXII
20 Sep 1378 – 16 Sep 1394	Clement VII	Clemens	Robert of Geneva	1342 Annecy, France	36/52	15 years, 361 days (5840 days)	Avignon	Urban VI
								Boniface IX
28 Sep 1394 – 23 May 1423	Benedict XIII	Benedictus	Pedro de Luna	25 November 1328 Illueca, Aragon	65/94	28 years, 237 days (10463 days)	Avignon
								Innocent VII
								Gregory XII
								Martin V
25 Jun 1409 – 3 May 1410	Alexander V*	Alexander	Pietro Philarghi	c. 1339 Crete, Republic of Venice	70 / 71	312 days (312 days)	Pisa	Gregory XII
25 May 1410 – 29 May 1415	John XXIII	Ioannes Vicecimus Tertius	Baldassare Cossa	c. 1365	45 / 50 (†54)	5 years, 6 days (1832 days)	Pisa
10 Jun 1423 – 26 Jul 1429	Clement VIII	Clemens Octavus	Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón	1370 Teruel, Aragon	52 / 59 (†77)	6 years, 49 days (2241 days)	Avignon	Martin V
1424–1430	Benedict XIV	Benedictus Quartus Decimus	Bernard Garnier	1370 France	54 / 59 (†89)	6 years, 211 days (2403 days)	Claimed successor to Benedict XIII
1430–1437	Benedict XIV	Benedictus Quartus Decimus	Jean Carrier	c. 1370 France	59 / 66	7 years, 242 days (2799 days)	The "hidden pope"
5 Nov 1439 – 7 Apr 1449	Felix V	Fœlix	Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy	4 September 1383 Chambéry, Savoy	56/65 (†67)	9 years, 153 days (3441)	Elected by the Council of Basel	Eugene IV
								Nicholas V

Quasi-cardinal-nephews

Many antipopes created cardinals, known as quasi-cardinals, and a few created cardinal-nephews, known as quasi-cardinal-nephews.

Quasi-cardinal	Nephew of	Elevated	Notes
Giacomo Alberti	Antipope Nicholas V	15 May 1328	Excommunicated by Pope John XXII.[13]
Amedeo Saluzzo	Antipope Clement VII	23 December 1383	Abandoned Antipope Benedict XIII after having been deposed by him on 21 October 1408; participated in the Council of Pisa, the election of Pope Alexander V (now regarded as an antipope), the Council of Constance, and the conclave of Pope Martin V.[13]
Tommaso Brancaccio	Antipope John XXIII	6 June 1411	Attended the Council of Constance, and the conclave of Pope Martin V.[14]
Gil Sánchez Muñoz	Antipope Clement VIII	26 July 1429	Submitted to Pope Martin V after his uncle abdicated.[15]

Modern claimants to papacy

In modern times various people claim to be pope and, though they do not fit the technical definition of "antipope", are sometimes referred to as such. They are usually leaders of sedevacantist groups who view the See of Rome as vacant and elect someone to fill it. They are sometimes referred to as conclavists because of their claim, on the basis of an election by a "conclave" of perhaps half a dozen laypeople, as in the case of David Bawden ("Pope Michael I"), to have rendered the See no longer vacant. A significant number of these have taken the name "Peter II", owing to its special significance. From the point of view of the Catholic Church, they are schismatics, and as such are automatically excommunicated.[16]

Collinites

• Michel Collin, self-proclaimed Pope Clement XV (1961–1974) in France, founder of the Apostles of Infinite Love[17]
• Jean-Gaston Tremblay, Gregory XVII (1968–2011), in Canada
• Mathurin de la Mère de Dieu, Gregory XVIII (Since 2011), in Canada [18]

Palmarian Catholic Church

• Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (Pope Gregory XVII), mystically self-proclaimed (1978–2005) in Spain
• Manuel Corral (Pope Peter II) (2005–11)
• Ginés Jesús Hernández (Pope Gregory XVIII) (2011–2016)
• Joseph Odermatt (Pope Peter III) (2016–present)

The Palmarian Catholic Church regards Pope Paul VI, whom they revere as a martyr, and his predecessors as true popes, but hold, on the grounds of claimed apparitions, that the Pope of Rome is excommunicated and that the position of the Holy See has, since 1978, been transferred to the See of El Palmar de Troya.

Other examples

The following were elected by professedly faithful Catholics, none of whom were cardinals:

• Popes of the "Legio Maria", based in western Kenya (not technically Conclavist):
  • Timothy Joseph Blasio Atila (1963–1998)
  • Pius Lawrence Jairo Chiaji Adera (1998–2004)
  • Raphael Titus Otieno (2004–present; disputed since 2010)
  • Romanus Ong’ombe (2010–present; disputed)
• David Bawden (Pope Michael I), (1990–present) elected in Kansas, USA.[19]
• Victor von Pentz (Pope Linus II), (1994–present).[20][21] Another conclave, this time held in Assisi, Italy, elected the South African Victor von Pentz, an ex-seminarian of the Society of Saint Pius X, as Pope Linus II in 1994. Linus took up residence in Hertfordshire, England.
• Pope of the "True Catholic Church": Lucian Pulvermacher (Pope Pius XIII), (1998–2009), elected in Montana, USA.
• Mirko Fabris (Pope Krav I), (1978–2012), elected in Zagreb, Croatia.[21]
• Joaquín Llorens (Pope Alexander IX), (2005–present), elected in Elx, Spain.[22]
• Popes of the "Iglesia Católica Apostólica Remanente", based in Buenos Aires, Argentina:
  • Oscar Michaelli (Pope Leo XIV), (2006–2007) elected by a group of 34 episcopi vagantes.
  • Juan Bautista Bonetti (Pope Innocent XIV), (2008), resigned May 2008.
  • Alejandro Tomás Greico (Alexander IX), (2008–present).[23]

Antipope of Alexandria

As the Patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt, has historically also held the title of pope, a person who, in opposition to someone who is generally accepted as a legitimate pope of Alexandria, claims to hold that position may also be considered an antipope. In 2006, the defrocked married Coptic lector Max Michel became an antipope of Alexandria, calling himself Maximos I. His claim to the Alexandrine papacy was dismissed by both the Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda III and Pope Theodore II of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria.[24] The Coptic pope of Alexandria and the Greek pope of Alexandria currently view one another, not as antipopes, but rather as successors to differing lines of apostolic succession that formed as a result of christological disputes in the fifth century.

Another Coptic (Alexandrian) antipope is known to have laid claim in the fourth century. His name was Gregory of Cappadocia.

In fiction

Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either in historical fiction, as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or as purely imaginary antipopes.

• Jean Raspail's novel l'Anneau du pêcheur (The Fisherman's Ring), and Gérard Bavoux's Le Porteur de lumière (The Light-bringer).[25][26]
• The fictional synth-pop artist Zladko Vladcik claims to be "The Anti-Pope" in one of his songs.[27]
• Dan Simmons's novels Endymion and The Rise of Endymion feature a Father Paul Duré who is the routinely murdered antipope Teilhard I. At the end of the last novel, it is mentioned that the person calling himself the pope of the Technocore loyal Catholics is recognized by very few even among those, and he is referred to as an antipope.
• In the Girl Genius comics series, set in a gaslamp fantasy version of Europe thrown into chaos by mad science (among other things), there is a brief reference to the existence of seven Popes—all of whom apparently ordered a particular text burned.
• Ralph McInerny's novel The Red Hat features a schism between liberals and conservatives following the election of a conservative African Pope; the liberal faction elect an Italian cardinal who calls himself "Pius XIII".
• In the video game Crusader Kings II by Swedish developer Paradox Interactive, Catholic rulers may appoint one of their bishops as an antipope. An emperor-tier ruler such as the Holy Roman Emperor may declare war on the Papal States to install their antipope as the "true" pope, thereby vassalizing the Papacy.
• In the video game Age of Empires II the third scenario in the game's Barbarossa campaign is called "Pope and Antipope" and is based on the Siege of Crema and the subsequent Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
• In episode 3 of The Black Adder (set in the late 15th century), "The Archbishop", Baldrick remarks on selling counterfeit papal pardons, that one for the highest crimes requires the signatures of "both popes" (implying one pope and one antipope). At the end of the episode, the Mother Superior of the local convent informs Edmund that he has been excommunicated by "all three popes".
• The Last Fisherman by Randy England features an anti-pope John XXIV elected in opposition to Pope Brendan I
• Bud McFarlane's Pierced by a Sword includes an anti-pope John XXIV who is elected when the assassination attempt on Pope Patrick (fictional successor to John Paul II) is believed to have succeeded. He commits suicide at the end of the book.

See also

• List of papal elections
• Papal conclave
• Papal selection before 1059

References

1. "One who opposes the legitimately elected bishop of Rome, endeavours to secure the papal throne, and to some degree succeeds materially in the attempt" (Encyclopædia Britannica: Antipope).
2. Of Pope Leo VIII, the Annuario Pontificio, the Holy See's yearbook, says: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes" (note 19 to the list of popes in the Annuario Pontificio). Of Pope Benedict V it says: "If Pope Leo VIII was lawful Pope, [...] Benedict V is an antipope" (note 20 to the list of popes).
3. "The catacombs the destination of the great jubilee". Vatican City. Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
4. Historia Ecclesiastica, V, 28
5. Dix, Gregory; Chadwick, Henry (2013). The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St Hippolytus of Rome, Bishop and Martyr. Routledge. p. xvii. ISBN 9781136101465. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
6. Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature: Zephyrinus
7. "Monarchians – Dynamists, or Adoptionists". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
8. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Martin V". www.newadvent.org.
9. Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2008 ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0), p. 12*
10. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: List of Popes". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
11. Charles William Previté-Orton The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge University Press 1952, republished 1975 ISBN 0-521-20962-5), vol. 1, p. 477
12. "Darras "title of sylvester iii" - Google Search". www.google.com.
13. Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "14th Century (1303–1404)."
14. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Biographical Dictionary: Antipope] John XXIII (1410–1415): Consistory of 6 June 1411 (I)."
15. Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "15th Century (1404–1503)."
16. "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va.
17. "Self-styled 'Pope' dies in France". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. Reuters. 24 June 1974. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
18. https://magnificat.ca/odm/hierarchie/
19. "10 Most Bizarre People on Earth". Oddee. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
20. [https://magnuslundberg.net/2016/05/15/modern-alternative-popes-18-linus-ii/ Modern Alternative Popes 17: Linus II
21. George D. Chryssides (25 November 2011). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-7967-6.
22. "Iglesia Católica Apostólica Española Tradicionalista y Mercedaria – Iglesia Católica Apostólica Española Tradicionalista y Mercedaria". Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
23. Iglesia Católica Remanente. "Iglesia Católica Apostólica Remanente". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
24. "Common Statement Between The Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa Regarding Max Michel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
25. Jean Raspail, L'Anneau du pêcheur, Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 p. ISBN 2-226-07590-9
26. Gérard Bavoux, Le Porteur de lumière, Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. 329 p. ISBN 2-85704-488-7
27. Zladko Vladcik – I am the Antipope. YouTube. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2015.

External links and bibliography

• Catholic Encyclopedia: "Antipope"
• Encyclopædia Britannica: "Antipope"
• The Pope Encyclopaedia: "Antipope"
• Kelly, J.N.D, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Oxford University Press, USA (1 June 1986), ISBN 0-19-213964-9.
• Raspail, Jean, 'L'Anneau du pêcheur, Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 pp. ISBN 2-226-07590-9.
• Bavoux, Gérard, Le Porteur de lumière, Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. 329 pp. ISBN 2-85704-488-7.