Atelopus

Atelopus is a large genus of true toads, commonly known as harlequin toads or stubfoot toads, from Central and South America, ranging as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia. Atelopus species are small, generally brightly colored, and diurnal. Most species are associated with mid-to-high elevation streams. This genus has been greatly affected by amphibian declines, and many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct. While threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and introduced species, the primary cause of these declines appears to be the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.[1][2] For example, there are 32 known Atelopus species (including half a dozen undescribed) in Ecuador. One of these is data deficient (its status is unclear), two are endangered and the remaining are critically endangered.[3] Almost half the Ecuador species have not been recorded in a decade or more and are likely extinct. In some species conservationists have established captive colonies as a safeguard.[3] However, numerous Atelopus species have been rediscovered decades after their last sighting, such as A. arsyescue, A. mindoensis, A. bomolochos, A. ignescens, A. balios, A. longirostris, A. subornatus and A. varius.

Atelopus
Male A. certus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Atelopus
Duméril and Bibron, 1841
Species

See text

Synonyms

Ateleopus Agassiz, 1846 (unjustified emendation)

New Atelopus species are discovered with some regularity, and many new species have been described in the last decade. Among others, a new subspecies, popularly dubbed the purple fluorescent frog, was discovered in 2007 by scientists Paul Ouboter and Jan Mol during a follow-up survey of the Nassau plateau in Suriname.[4] Leeanne Alonso from Conservation International, the organisation that led the expedition, said this frog may be threatened by illegal gold mining.[5] It was described as a new subspecies of Atelopus hoogmoedi (itself considered a subspecies of A. spumarius by some), named A. h. nassaui in 2012.[6] Two new species were also described in 2020: A. manauensis and A. moropukaqumir, both of which are highly threatened by the chytrid fungus and habitat destruction.[7][8]

Species
Common nameBinomial name
Andes stubfoot toadAtelopus andinus Rivero, 1968
Angelito stubfoot toadAtelopus angelito Ardila-Robayo and Ruiz-Carranza, 1998
Ardila's stubfoot toadAtelopus ardila Coloma, Duellman, Almendariz, Ron, Teran-Valdez, and Guayasamin, 2010
Starry night harlequin toad Atelopus arsyecue Rueda-Almonacid, 1994
Arthur's stubfoot toadAtelopus arthuri Peters, 1973
Rio Pescado stubfoot toadAtelopus balios Peters, 1973
Purple harlequin toadAtelopus barbotini Lescure, 1981
Azuay stubfoot toadAtelopus bomolochos Peters, 1973
Boulenger's stubfoot toadAtelopus boulengeri Peracca, 1904
Rio Carauta stubfoot toadAtelopus carauta Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1978
Venezuelan yellow frog or La Carbonera stubfoot toadAtelopus carbonerensis Rivero, 1974
Guajira stubfoot toadAtelopus carrikeri Ruthven, 1916
Darien stubfoot toad or Toad Mountain harlequin frogAtelopus certus Barbour, 1923
Chiriqui harlequin frog†Atelopus chiriquiensis Shreve, 1936
Atelopus chirripoensis Savage and Bolaños, 2009
Chocó stubfoot toadAtelopus chocoensis Lötters, 1992
Atelopus chrysocorallus La Marca, 1996
Rio Faisanes stubfoot toadAtelopus coynei Miyata, 1980
Veragua stubfoot toadAtelopus cruciger (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
Atelopus dimorphus Lötters, 2003
Huila stubfoot toadAtelopus ebenoides Rivero, 1963
Elegant stubfoot toadAtelopus elegans (Boulenger, 1882)
Atelopus epikeisthos Lötters, Schulte & Duellman, 2005
Carabaya stubfoot toadAtelopus erythropus Boulenger, 1903
Malvasa stubfoot toadAtelopus eusebianus Rivero & Granados-Díaz, 1993
Atelopus eusebiodiazi Venegas, Catenazzi, Siu-Ting & Carrillo, 2008
Atelopus exiguus Boettger, 1892
Atelopus famelicus Rivero & Morales, 1995
Forest stubfoot toadAtelopus farci Lynch, 1993
Cayenne stubfoot toadAtelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841
Central Coast stubfoot toadAtelopus franciscus Lescure, 1974
Antado stubfoot toadAtelopus galactogaster Rivero & Serna, 1993
Atelopus gigas Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán-Valdez, and Guayasamin, 2010
Pirri Range harlequin frogAtelopus glyphus Dunn, 1931
Guanujo stubfoot toadAtelopus guanujo Coloma, 2002
La Guitarra stubfoot toadAtelopus guitarraensis Osorno-Muñoz, Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-Carranza, 2001
Morona-Santiago stubfoot toadAtelopus halihelos Peters, 1973
Hoogmoed harlequin toadAtelopus hoogmoedi Lescure, 1974
Quito stubfoot toadAtelopus ignescens (Cornalia, 1849)
Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo & Hernández-Camacho, 1994
Limosa harlequin frogAtelopus limosus Ibáñez, Jaramillo & Solís, 1995
Atelopus loettersi De la Riva, Castroviejo-Fisher, Chaparro, Boistel, and Padial, 2011
El Tambo stubfoot toadAtelopus longibrachius Rivero, 1963
Longnose stubfoot toadAtelopus longirostris Cope, 1868
Atelopus lozanoi Osorno-Muñoz, Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-Carranza, 2001
Lynch's stubfoot toadAtelopus lynchi Cannatella, 1981
Atelopus mandingues Osorno-Muñoz, Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-Carranza, 2001
Manaus harlequin frog Atelopus manauensis Jorge, Ferrão & Lima, 2020
Atelopus marinkellei Cochran and Goin, 1970
Mindo stubfoot toadAtelopus mindoensis Peters, 1973
Colombian stubfoot toadAtelopus minutulus Ruiz-Carranza, Hernández-Camacho & Ardila-Robayo, 1988
Mittermeier's stubfoot toadAtelopus mittermeieri Acosta-Galvis, Rueda-Almonacid, Velásquez-Álvarez, Sánchez-Pacheco & Peña Prieto, 2006
Hernandez's stubfoot toadAtelopus monohernandezii Ardila-Robayo, Osorno-Muñoz & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002
Atelopus moropukaqumir Herrera-Alva, Díaz, Castillo, Rodolfo & Catenazzi, 2020
Mucubaji stubfoot toadAtelopus mucubajiensis Rivero, 1974
La Arboleda stubfoot toadAtelopus muisca Rueda-Almonacid & Hoyos, 1992
Atelopus nahumae Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo & Hernández-Camacho, 1994
Atelopus nanay Coloma, 2002
Gualecenita stubfoot toadAtelopus nepiozomus Peters, 1973
Niceforo's stubfoot toadAtelopus nicefori Rivero, 1963
Atelopus nocturnus Bravo-Valencia and Rivera-Correa, 2011
Atelopus onorei Coloma, Lötters, Duellman & Miranda-Leiva, 2007
Atelopus orcesi Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán-Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010
Atelopus oxapampae Lehr, Lötters, and Lundberg, 2008
Rednose stubfoot toadAtelopus oxyrhynchus Boulenger, 1903
Schmidt's stubfoot toadAtelopus pachydermus (Schmidt, 1857)
Andersson's stubfoot toadAtelopus palmatus Andersson, 1945
Andersson's stubfoot toadAtelopus pastuso Andersson, 1945
Pataz stubfoot toadAtelopus patazensis Venegas, Catenazzi, Siu-Ting & Carrillo, 2008
San Isidro stubfoot toadAtelopus pedimarmoratus Rivero, 1963
Peru stubfoot toadAtelopus peruensis Gray & Cannatella, 1985
Peters' stubfoot toadAtelopus petersi Coloma, Lötters, Duellman & Miranda-Leiva, 2007
Atelopus petriruizi Ardila-Robayo, 1999
Painted stubfoot toadAtelopus pictiventris Kattan, 1986
Pinango stubfoot toadAtelopus pinangoi Rivero, 1982
Napo stubfoot toadAtelopus planispina Jiménez de la Espada, 1875
Atelopus podocarpus Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán-Valdez, and Guayasamin, 2010
Atelopus pulcher Boulenger, 1882
Atelopus pyrodactylus Venegas & Barrio, 2006
Atelopus quimbaya Ruiz-Carranza & Osorno-Muñoz, 1994
Atelopus reticulatus Lötters, Haas, Schick & Böhme, 2002
Anori stubfoot toadAtelopus sanjosei Rivero & Serna, 1989
Upper Amazon stubfoot toadAtelopus seminiferus Cope, 1874
Pass stubfoot toad†Atelopus senex Taylor, 1952
Atelopus sernai Ruiz-Carranza & Osorno-Muñoz, 1994
Atelopus simulatus Ruiz-Carranza & Osorno-Muñoz, 1994
Atelopus siranus Lötters &Henzl, 2000
Sonsón stubfoot toadAtelopus sonsonensis Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 1997
Cloud forest stubfoot toadAtelopus sorianoi La Marca, 1983
Pebas stubfoot toadAtelopus spumarius Cope, 1871
Condoto stubfoot toadAtelopus spurrelli Boulenger, 1914
Bogota stubfoot toadAtelopus subornatus Werner, 1899
Venezuela stubfoot toadAtelopus tamaensis La Marca, García-Pérez & Renjifo, 1990
Three-colored stubfoot toadAtelopus tricolor Boulenger, 1902
Veragoa stubfoot toadAtelopus varius (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
†Atelopus vogli Müller, 1934
Walker's stubfoot toadAtelopus walkeri Rivero, 1963
Panamanian golden frogAtelopus zeteki Dunn, 1933

See also

References
  1. Lötters, Kielgast, Bielby, Schmidtlein, Bosch, Veith, Walker, Fisher, Rödder (2009). The Link Between Rapid Enigmatic Amphibian Decline and the Globally Emerging Chytrid Fungus. EcoHealth 6(3): 358-372
  2. Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Pp. 100, 160-178. ISBN 978-84-96553-41-5
  3. Tapia; Coloma; Pazmiño-Otamendi; and Peñafiel (2017). Rediscovery of the nearly extinct longnose harlequin frog Atelopus longirostris (Bufonidae) in Junín, Imbabura, Ecuador. Neotropical Biodiversity 3 (1).
  4. "MSN | Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos".
  5. Zabarenko, Deborah (2007-06-04). "Purple frog among 24 new species found in Suriname". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  6. Amphibians of Suriname, Paul E. Ouboter and Rawien Jairam, Brill 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-21075-2
  7. Herrera-Alva, Valia; Díaz, Vladimir; Castillo, Ernesto; Rodolfo, César; Catenazzi, Alessandro (2020-09-23). "A new species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) from southern Peru". Zootaxa. 4853 (3): 404–420. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4853.3.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33056367.
  8. Jorge, Rafael F.; Ferrão, Miquéias; Lima, Albertina P. (August 2020). "Out of Bound: A New Threatened Harlequin Toad (Bufonidae, Atelopus) from the Outer Borders of the Guiana Shield in Central Amazonia Described through Integrative Taxonomy". Diversity. 12 (8): 310. doi:10.3390/d12080310.
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