Atlanta-class cruiser

The Atlanta-class cruisers were eight United States Navy light cruisers designed as fast scout cruisers or flotilla leaders but that proved to be effective anti-aircraft cruisers during World War II. They were also known as the Atlanta-Oakland class. The four Oakland and later ships had slightly different armament as they were further optimized for anti-aircraft fire. The Atlanta class had 12 x 5-inch (127 mm)/38 caliber guns, mounted in three superfiring sets of two-gun turrets fore and three more aft. The first four ships of the class also had an additional two twin 5-inch/38 mounts, one port and one starboard, giving these first four Atlanta-class cruisers the heaviest anti-aircraft armament of any cruiser of World War II.

USS Atlanta
Class overview
Name: Atlanta-class cruiser
Builders:
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Brooklyn class
Succeeded by:
Subclasses: Oakland-subclass
In commission: 1941–49
Completed: 8
Lost: 2
Retired: 6
Preserved: 0
General characteristics
Class and type: Light cruiser
Displacement: 6,718 long-tons (standard); 7,400 long-tons (loaded)
Length:
  • 530 ft (160 m) wl
  • 541 ft (165 m) oa
Beam: 52 ft 10 in (16.10 m)
Draft: 20 ft 6 in (6.25 m)
Propulsion:
  • 4 × 665 psi boilers
  • 2 geared steam turbines
  • 75,000 hp (56 MW)
Speed: 32.5 knots (60 km/h)(design), 33.6 knots (62 km/h) (trials)
Range: 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h)
Complement:
  • Officer: 35
  • Enlisted: 638;
  • Oakland group(CL 95-99)
  • Officer: 47
  • Enlisted:766
Armament:
Armor:

The Atlanta class saw heavy action during World War II, collectively earning 54 battle stars. Two ships of the class were sunk in action: Atlanta and Juneau, both at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. The other six were decommissioned shortly after the war and were scrapped in the 1960s.

Specifications

As built the original main gun battery of the first quartet of Atlanta class was composed of eight dual 5-inch/38 caliber gun mounts (8 × 2 5-inch guns). This battery could fire over 17,600 pounds (8,000 kg) of shells per minute, including the radar-fuzed "VT" anti-aircraft (AA) shells. Fire control was by two Mk 37 fire control systems located on the centerline atop the superstructure. As built these lacked radar but in 1942 radar FD (Mk 4) was fitted. From 1943 this was replaced by the improved Mk 12/Mk 22 combination.

The first four had an original secondary anti-aircraft armament of twelve 1.1-inch (28 mm)/75 caliber guns in three quad mountings, initially without directors fitted. By early 1942 as more became available a fourth quad mount had been installed on the quarterdeck and directors were fitted (probably Mk 44). By late 1942 these troublesome and relatively ineffective weapons began to be replaced in the surviving ships by twin mountings for the new and far superior Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns with Mk 51 directors.

Also from early 1942 close-range AA armament was augmented by eight 20 mm rapid-fire anti-aircraft cannons in single Mk 4 mountings disposed two on the forward superstructure, 4 amidships between the funnels (displacing some of the ships boats) and 2 on the quarterdeck aft. From 1943 onward the number of these mounts increased by adding two more on the forward superstructure and a pair each side of the second funnel to counter the danger of Japanese air attacks (especially kamikazes). From the end of 1943, a quadruple 40 mm Bofors mounting replaced the twin mount on the quarterdeck, with the six depth charge projectors being removed as compensation. The additions of radar, additional close-range anti-aircraft guns and other equipment seriously impaired the stability of these ships as the war progressed and resulted in overcrowding as more ratings had to be added to man them.

The second group, sometimes known as the Oakland class was commissioned with only six twin 5-inch/38 mounts and with Bofors guns from the start, with four additional twin Bofors 40 mm mounts compared to their predecessors: 2 displacing the former 5-inch/38 wing turrets (improving both stability and close-range AA firepower while easing congestion) and two between the funnels displacing the previous two pairs of 20 mm Oerlikons. In addition the battery of 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons was increased with a pair on the bow, 4 on the forward superstructure, 8 amidships arrayed either side of the aft funnel and 2 on the quarterdeck aft for a total of 16.

By the end of the war USS Oakland had been given an anti-kamikaze upgrade which included replacing the 4 aft twin Bofors with quad mountings and greatly reducing the number of 20 mm mounts (possibly as few as 6) while replacing those that remained with twin rather than single guns. Torpedo tubes were removed.

The Atlanta-class cruisers were the only class of U.S. Navy cruisers commissioned during World War II to be armed with torpedo tubes, with eight 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in two quad launchers.[1]

Although ships of the class were planned as destroyer flotilla leaders, the original design did not include anti-submarine armament such as sonar or a depth charge battery. In early 1942 along with anti-aircraft and radar upgrades these ships were fitted with sonar and the standard destroyer battery of 6 depth charge projectors and 2 stern mounted tracks. When the vessels were determined to be more valuable as protection against aircraft, the projectors were removed but the tracks were retained.[2] The Oakland sub-class never received the projectors, getting only two stern tracks, probably due to marginal stability.

Radar was not fitted as built. From spring of 1942 these ships were re-fitted first with SC-1 and SG search and FD (Mk 4) for fire control. As the war progressed additional and more modern radars were added.

The class was powered by four 665 psi boilers, connected to 2 geared steam turbines producing 75,000 horsepower (56,000 kW), and the ships could maintain a top speed of 33.6 knots (62.2 km/h; 38.7 mph). On trial the Atlanta made 33.67 knots (62.36 km/h; 38.75 mph) and 78,985 shp (58,899 kW). The ships of the Atlanta class had thin armor: a maximum of 3.75 inches (95 mm) on their sides covering machinery and magazines, with the 5-inch gun mounts being protected by only 1.25 inches (32 mm) and the conning tower by 2.5 inches (64 mm).[2]

The ships were originally designed for 26 officers and 523 men, but this increased to 35 officers and 638 men with the first four ships, and 45 officers and 766 men with the second group of four ships beginning with Oakland. The ships were also designed as flagships with additional space for a flag officer and his staff but the additional space was used for additional crew necessary to man anti-aircraft weapons and electronics.[3]

Criticisms

Although very formidable as anti-aircraft ships, the Atlanta-class cruisers did not fare well in surface combat. The only two cruisers of the class that engaged in surface combat were sunk: Atlanta and Juneau. The U.S. Navy lost three light cruisers during World War II, two of which were Atlantas. Both were sunk in surface combat during the Guadalcanal Campaign.[4] Both of these vessels received their fatal blows from Japanese torpedoes, and gunfire from larger, more heavily armed ships; however, Atlanta was a victim of friendly fire from San Francisco. The unique armament of the Atlanta class did not contribute to their loss.

The Atlanta-class design was also criticized for its shortage of gunfire directors for the main 5-inch gun battery, which reduced its effectiveness. Initially there were not enough intermediate anti-aircraft guns (i.e. 1.1 in guns, Bofors 40 mm and the Oerlikon 20 mm rapid-fire cannons). These problems were somewhat corrected in naval shipyards by the end of 1942, but the Atlanta-class warships were thereafter overloaded with weight, compared to the size of their hulls, and throughout World War II and the postwar years, they had problems with topside weight which was addressed by a redesign of the third repeat order which was called the Juneau-class cruiser.[5][6][7]

Service history

All eight ships in this class served during World War II, and six ships survived the war. The lead ship of this class, Atlanta, was laid down on 22 April 1940 and launched on 6 September 1941. Atlanta was commissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 24 December 1941, just a few weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor of 7 December. Atlanta participated as an anti-aircraft cruiser in the decisive American victory at the Battle of Midway in June 1942 before she was sent south to fight in the Solomon Islands. Atlanta was scuttled after receiving a torpedo hit and heavy gunfire damage from Japanese surface warships and USS San Francisco on 13 November 1942 during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. Juneau was also heavily damaged in surface combat in the same battle and then sunk by the Japanese submarine I-26, on 13 November 1942. Reno was torpedoed off Leyte on 4 November 1944 resulting in a large fire and significant flooding, but was saved from sinking by the damage control efforts of the crew.[4]

After the war, the six surviving ships in this class were decommissioned between 1947 and 1949 and placed in the reserve fleet. The ships received a new type designation of CLAA in 1949. None of these ships were recommissioned to serve in an active role; all were ultimately struck and scrapped by 1970.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

Ships in class
Ship Name Hull No. Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate
Atlanta CL-51 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey 22 April 1940 6 September 1941 24 December 1941 N/A Sunk, Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13 November 1942
Juneau CL-52 27 May 1940 25 October 1941 14 February 1942 Sunk, Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13 November 1942
San Diego CL-53 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts 27 March 1940 26 July 1941 10 January 1942 4 November 1946 Struck 1 March 1959; Sold for scrap, 3 February 1960
San Juan CL-54 15 May 1940 6 September 1941 28 February 1942 9 November 1946 Struck 1 May 1959; Sold for scrap, 31 October 1961
Oakland sub-class
Oakland CL-95 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, San Francisco, California 15 July 1941 23 October 1942 17 July 1943 1 July 1949 Struck 1 March 1959; Sold for scrap, 1 December 1959
Reno CL-96 1 August 1941 23 December 1942 28 December 1943 4 November 1946 Struck 1 March 1959; Sold for scrap 22 March 1962
Flint CL-97 23 October 1942 25 January 1944 31 August 1944 6 May 1947 Struck 1 June 1965; Sold for scrap 6 October 1966
Tucson CL-98 23 December 1942 3 September 1944 3 February 1945 11 June 1949 Struck 1 June 1966; Sold for scrap 24 February 1971

See also

Footnotes
  1. Friedman 1984, pp. 231–233
  2. Friedman 1984, pp. 238–239, 452
  3. Friedman 1984, p. 238
  4. Friedman 1984, p. 325
  5. Friedman 1984, p. 239
  6. Friedman 1984, p. 477
  7. Naval marine archive.com - cruiser roles and missions page 55
  8. "San Diego (CL-53) ii". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  9. "San Juan (CL-54) ii". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  10. "Oakland (CL-95) ii". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  11. "Reno (CL-96) ii". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  12. "Flint". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  13. "Tucson". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

References
  • Friedman, Norman (1984), U.S. Cruisers: an illustrated design history, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-718-6, OCLC 10949320
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