Barbareño language

Barbareño is one of the extinct Chumashan languages, a group of Native American languages, which was spoken in the area of Santa Barbara, California. The closely related Ineseño may have been a dialect of the same language. Barbareño became extinct in 1965 with the death of Mary Yee.[1]

Barbareño
Native to	California, United States
Region	Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez
Extinct	1965, with the death of Mary Yee[1]
Language family	Chumashan Southern Central Barbareño
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: boi – Barbareño inz – Ineseño
Glottolog	barb1263  Barbareno ines1240  Ineseno
ELP	Barbareño[2]

Language revitalization

As of 2013, the Barbareno Chumash Council is engaged in ongoing efforts to revive the language. Two of its members are language apprentices and teachers.[3][4] Wishtoyo Chumash Village, in Malibu, California, announced the opening of its Šmuwič Language School in 2010.[5][6]

The Ineseño community now call their language Samala. In 2008 Richard Applegate compiled a grammar and dictionary of Ineseño based on Harrington's work in the early 1900s with one of the last fluent speakers, Maria Solares.[7] Applegate and Nakia Zavalla, Cultural Director for the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash and a descendant of Solares, have begun an effort to revitalize the language. Applegate began teaching Ineseño in 2003, and Zavalla has started an immersion-based language apprentice program.[8] As of 2008, Applegate had five students, though none had reached fluency.[9]

Phonology

Consonants

Barbareño consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar/ Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	plain	m	n
	glottalized	ˀm	ˀn
Plosive	plain	p	t		k	q	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ		kʼ	qʼ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ	qʰ
Affricate	plain		t͡s	t͡ʃ
	ejective		t͡sʼ	t͡ʃʼ
	aspirated		t͡sʰ	t͡ʃʰ
Fricative	plain		s	ʃ	x		h
	ejective		sʼ	ʃʼ	xʼ
	aspirated		sʰ	ʃʰ
Approximant	plain		l	j	w
	glottalized		ˀl	ˀj	ˀw

Vowels

Barbareño vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Open	e	a	o

References

1. Poser, William J. (2004). "On the Status of Chumash Sibilant Harmony" (PDF). Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
2. Endangered Languages Project data for Barbareño.
3. "Barbareno Chumash Council". Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
4. "Funded Projects". Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
5. "Chumash Language". Wishtoyo Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
6. Moreno, Sarah Koyo (2011). "Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo". News from Native California. 24 (4). Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
7. Chawkins, Steve (2008-04-20). "Chumash recover their 'alishtaha'n: Armed with a trove of scattered notes, linguist saves ancestral tongue from brink of extinction". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
8. "Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language". Channel Islands National Park. 2010-04-08. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
9. "Chumash Dictionary Breathes Life into Moribund Language". The Santa Barbara Independent. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-07.

Further reading

• Beeler, M. S. (January 1970). "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36 (1): 14–17. doi:10.1086/465084. JSTOR 1264477. S2CID 145163145.
• Applegate, Richard. (1972). Ineseño Chumash Grammar. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
• Beeler, M. S. 1976. Barbareno Chumash: a farrago. In Langdon, Margaret and Silver, Shirley, eds. Hokan Studies: Papers from the 1st Conference on Hokan Languages held in San Diego, California April 23–25, 1970, pp. 251–270. The Hague: Mouton.
• Wash, Suzanne. (1995). Productive Reduplication in Barbareño Chumash. (Master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara; 210 + x pp.)
• Wash, Suzanne. (2001). Adverbial Clauses in Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; 569 + xxii pp.)

External links

• Barbareño language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• "Barbareño / Chumash sound recordings". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
• Chumash Barbareño, Smithsonian Archives
• Barbareño Chumash Names for the Body
• Samala Chumash Language Tutorial
• OLAC resources in and about the Barbareño language
• OLAC resources in and about the Ineseño language
• Ineseño basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
•  This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document: "Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language".