Battle of Stralsund (1809)

The Battle of Stralsund on 31 May 1809 was a battle during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, between Ferdinand von Schill's freikorps and Napoleonic forces in Stralsund. In a "vicious street battle", the freikorps was defeated and Schill was killed in action.[1]

This article is about the 1809 battle. For other battles, see Battle of Stralsund.
Battle of Stralsund
Part of Napoleonic Wars
Date31 May 1809
Location
Stralsund, Swedish Pomerania
Result French victory
Belligerents
Prussian freikorps France
Danish auxiliaries
Dutch auxiliaries
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand von Schill  † Pierre Guillaume Gratien
Johann von Ewald
Strength
2,000 6,000
Casualties and losses
>500 captured

Prelude

Stralsund, a port at the Baltic Sea in Swedish Pomerania, was surrendered to France after the siege of 1807 during the War of the Fourth Coalition.[1] During this war, Prussian captain Ferdinand von Schill distinguished himself by cutting off French supply lines using guerrilla tactics in 1806. In 1807, he raised a freikorps and successfully fought the French forces in what he intended to become a patriotic insurrection. When his corps was disbanded after the Peace of Tilsit on 9 July 1807, Schill was promoted to the rank of a major, decorated with the Pour le Mérite, and became a hero of German resistance and patriotic movements.[2]

In January and February 1809, the German resistance in French-held Westphalia invited Schill to lead an uprising. He agreed in April and drafted a proclamation which was intercepted by the French, and left Berlin on 27 April when he was threatened with arrest.[3] With a freikorps of 100 hussars, Schill headed southwest towards Westphalia to stir up an anti-French rebellion, but news of the French victory in the Battle of Ratisbon made him change his plans. Schill turned northwards to secure a port,[4] hoping for relief by the British navy.[5]

Battle
Killing of Ferdinand von Schill on the streets of Stralsund.

Schill entered Stralsund on 25 May with 2,000 men.[4] The freikorps was pursued by a French-led force of 6,000 Danes, Holsteiners, Dutch and French, who confronted Schill on 31 May inside of the town.[6]

Plaque at the site of Schill's death (left) and statue (right) in Stralsund

The Dutch auxiliaries, about 4,000 troops, were commanded by Pierre Guillaume Gratien, another 1,500 Danish troops were under general Johann von Ewald's command.[7] Garnier's Dutch forces included the 6th and 9th infantry, 2nd Horse Regiment, two squadrons of hussars and two horse artillery batteries.[8] They entered the town after storming the Tribseer Tor gate,[9] and engaged Schill's freikorps in street fights.[5] Schill was killed, and the survivors of his freikorps dispersed or captured.[6]

Aftermath
Execution of Schill's officers (center left)

Eleven of Schill's officers were taken to Brunswick, and later executed in Wesel[10] following an order of Napoleon Bonaparte.[1] More than five hundred of Schill's men went into captivity.[5] Schill's head was sent to The Netherlands for display in Leyden's public library, and only in 1837 the head was buried in Brunswick.[11]

Schill was not alone with his plans to stir up an insurrection of the Prussian people against the French occupation. Other prominent plotters were Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick and Kasper von Dörnberg. All of them saw the Austrian resistance and the resulting War of the Fifth Coalition as a chance to expel Napoleon Bonaparte from Northern Germany as well. France however proved to be the stronger party, and Schill's defeat in the streets of Stralsund put a definite end to all plans for a popular uprising.[12]

See also

Sources

References
  1. Jacques (2006), p.973
  2. Clark (2006), p.347
  3. Clark (2006), p.348
  4. Parkinson (2001), p.86
  5. Meckenstock (2004), p.435
  6. Parkinson (2001), p.87
  7. Pelet (2009 reprint), p.32
  8. von Pivka (1980), p.17
  9. Pelet (2009 reprint), p.33
  10. Hasubek (1987), p.1118
  11. Clark (2006), p.349
  12. Wienecke-Janz (2008), p.142

Bibliography
  • Clark, Christopher M. (2006). Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02385-4.
  • Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles And Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-33536-2.
  • Hasubek, Peter; Kreutzer, Marianne, eds. (1987). Karl Leberecht Immermann. Briefe: Textkritische und kommentierte Ausgabe in drei Bänden (in German). III. Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-12446-2.
  • Meckenstock, Günter (2004). Friedrich Schleiermacher. Kritische Gesamtausgabe (in German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017658-0.
  • Parkinson, Roger (2001). Hussar General: The Life of Blücher, Man of Waterloo. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-84022-253-0.
  • Pelet, Jean Jacques Germain (2009). Memoires Sur La Guerre de 1809 (in French) (reprint ed.). BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 0-559-95080-2.
  • von Pivka, Otto; Warner, Christopher (1980). Dutch-Belgian troops of the Napoleonic Wars. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-347-X.
  • Wienecke-Janz, Detlef, ed. (2008). Die große Chronik Weltgeschichte 12. Neuordnung Europas und Restauration: 1793-1849 (in German). Gütersloh/München: Wissen Media Verlag. ISBN 3-577-09072-3.

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