Blackbelly rosefish
The blackbelly rosefish, Helicolenus dactylopterus, is a marine bony fish from the family Sebastidae, also known as bluemouth rockfish, and bluemouth seaperch. This Atlantic species is a typical sit-and-wait predator with a highly cryptic coloration.[1]
| Blackbelly rosefish | |
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| Species: | H. dactylopterus |
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| Helicolenus dactylopterus Delaroche, 1809 | |
Distribution
Helicolenus dactylopterus is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the west, it ranges from Nova Scotia to Venezuela. In the east, it ranges from Iceland and Norway to South Africa, including the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, and the entire Mediterranean Sea.[2][3]
Biology
The blackbelly rosefish is a bathydemersal scorpionfish, found in soft bottom areas of the continental shelf and upper slope.[2] They have been recorded at depths between 50 and 1,100 m (160 and 3,610 ft), but usually from 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft).[1][2][4][5] They feed on both benthic and pelagic organisms including decapod crustaceans, fishes, cephalopods and sometimes pyrosomes, polychaetes and echinoderms.[2][5] The proportions of these prey types in their diet vary according to the size of the fish.[5]
Description
Size / Weight / Age
Males reach a greater length and weight than females with the same age.[6]
Max. length recorded: 47.0 cm TL;
Common length: 25.0 cm TL;
Max. published weight: 1,550 g;
Max. reported age: 43 years
Morphological description
Blackbelly rosefish is a robust fish, with a large head and the spination described for the genus, and without tabs or tentacles. The profile of the nape is relatively steeply inclined. It has villiform teeth on both jaws and its large mouth is dark colored inside. The dorsal fin has 11 to 13 spines (usually 12) and 10 to 14 rays (usually 11-13); the anal fin has 3 spines and 5 rays; and the pectoral fin has between 17 and 20 rays. They have 55 to 80 vertical rows of ctenoid scales and their lateral line has tubular scales; the chest, cheek and maxilla are usually scaled but the snout and ventral part of the head are naked. They usually have 25 vertebrae. Gill rakers are well developed: 7 to 9 on the upper arch, 16 to 21 on the lower arch. Their colour is variable. The back and sides are red and the belly is pink, with 5 to 6 dark bands below anterior, middle and posterior dorsal spines: below the soft dorsal rays and at the base of the caudal fin; a Y-shaped dark bar between the soft dorsal and anal fin; and usually a dark blotch on the posterior part of the spinous dorsal fin.[2][7]
As with other species of scorpionfish, the spines of the blackbelly rosefish contain toxic venom and have reportedly caused injuries to humans.[8] However, there has been little research on the venom produced by this species.[8]
Reproduction
Blackbelly rosefish have intraovarian gestation. Fertilization is internal,[2][9][10] as free spermatozoa were found primarily in resting ovaries from July through early December, with peak occurrence in September through November in the Western Atlantic. There was a delay of 1–3 months before fertilization, as oocyte development did not begin until December.[2] Occurrence during January through April of early-celled embryos, the most advanced stage observed, and postovulatory follicles indicated that oocyte development was rapid.[2][11] The females can store sperm within their ovaries that allows them to spawn multiple batches of embryos, which are enclosed within a gelatinous matrix secreted into the ovarian cavity.[2][12][13] This species has a zygoparous form of oviparity, which occupies an intermediate position between oviparity and viviparity.[2][11] Larvae and juveniles are pelagic.[2]
Stock structure
This species can be divided into two subspecies, taking into account the morphological characteristics: Helicolenus dactylopterus lahillei and Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus. Based on H. d. dactylopterus geographical distribution, there can be considered to be four different populations: in South Africa, in the Gulf of Guinea, in the northeast (NE) Atlantic (from Norway to North Africa and the Mediterranean) and in the northwest (NW) Atlantic (Nova Scotia to Venezuela).[10][14] There is another proposal that suggests further subdivision of the species into six subspecies, also based on morphological measurements and geographical distribution: H. d. dactylopterus, H. d. maderensis, H. d. maculatus, H. d. gouphensis, H. d. angolensis and H. d. lahillei.[15]
Fisheries
The blackbelly rosefish is the most commercial scorpionfish species in the Mediterranean.[1] Although there has been little commercial interest in this species, partially due to its low level of accessibility, it is currently growing as new resources need to be found by fishing fleets due to the depletion of traditional resources.[5]
This species is a common bycatch associated with many demersal fisheries,[5] including the black spot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo).[16] It is caught by artisanal longline and gillnet fisheries near the Strait of Gibraltar, and along the Portuguese continental coast and the Azores.[5] In the western Mediterranean, blackbelly rosefish are mostly caught as bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries targeted at deep-sea crustaceans.[17][18] However, in areas such as the Catalan coast, the blackbelly rosefish is the most commercially viable scorpionfish species, with important economic value.[1]
References
- Ribas, D., M. Muñoz, M. Casadevall & L. Gil de Sola, 2006. How does the northern Mediterranean population of Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus resist fishing pressure? Fisheries Research 79: 285–293.
- Blackbelly rosefish, FishBase.
- Sequeira, V.,Gordo, L. R., Neves, A., Paiva, R. B., Cabral, H. N., Marques, J. F., 2010. Macroparasites as biological tags for stock identification of the bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809) in Portuguese waters. Fisheries Research 106: 321-328.
- Massutí, E., Morales-Nin, B., Moranta, J., 2000. Age and growth of the bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Osteichthyes: Scorpaenidae), in the western Mediterranean. Fisheries Research 46: 165-176.
- Rodríguez-Mendoza, R., Muñoz, M., Saborido-Rey, F., 2011. Ontogenetic allometry of the bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae),in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean based on geometric morphometrics. Hydrobiology 670: 5-22.
- Esteves, E. Aníbal, J., Krug, H., Silva, H.M. 1997. Contribution to the study of age and growth of bluemouth, Helicolemus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Dalaroche, 1809) from the Azores. Arquipelago – Life and Marine Sciences 15a: 83-95.
- Blackbelly rosefish. Species Identification.
- Vieira, RP & Barreiros, JP (2010), "Are weight, length and amount of venom related in scorpionfish?", Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, online, 16 (vol.16 no.3): 395, doi:10.1590/S1678-91992010000300002
- Krug, H., Mendonça, A., Estâcio, S., Menezes, G., Pinho, M. 2000. Age, growth and reproduction of six demersal species in the Azores. ICES study group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources. 7pp.
- Abecasis, D., (2003) Age and growth of Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809), in the Azorean waters.
- Muñoz, M., Casadevall, M., Bonet, S. (2002), Gametogenesis of Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Teleostei, Scorpaenidae). Sarsia: North Atlantic Marine Science.
- Vila, S., Sàbat, M., Hernandez, M. R., Muñoz, M. (2007), Intraovarian sperm storage in Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus: Fertilization, Crypt formation and Maintenance of stored sperm. The Raffles Bulletin Of Zoology, 14: 21-27.
- Muñoz, M., Dimitriadis, C., Casadevall, M., Vila, S., Delgado, E., Lloret, J. and Saborido-Rey, F. (2010), Female reproductive biology of the bluemouth Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus: spawning and fecundity. Journal of Fish Biology, 77: 2423–2442. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02835.x
- Eschemeyer, W. N., 1969. A systematic review of the Scorpion fishes of the Atlantic Ocean (Pisces: Scorpanidae). Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci. 79, 1–130.
- Barsukov, V. V., 1980. Subspecies of the Atlantic blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus (Dela Roche, 1809). J. Ichthyol. 19, 1–17.
- Hureau, J. C., Litvinenko, N. I. 1986. Scorpaenidae. In Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, Vol. 3, (eds. Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchout, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E.) UNESCO, Paris, pp. 1211-1229.
- Moranta, J., E. Massutí & B. Morales-Nin, 2000. Fish catch composition of the deep-sea decapod crustacean fisheries in the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Fisheries Research 45: 253–264.
- Sánchez, P., M. Demestre & P. Martín, 2004. Characterisation of the discards generated by bottom trawling in the northwestern Mediterranean. Fisheries Research 67: 71–80.