Bon Om Touk

Bon Om Touk (Khmer: បុណ្យអុំទូក, IPA: [bon om tuːk]; English: Boat Racing Festival),or the Cambodian Water & Moon Festival, is a Cambodian festival celebrated in November, sometimes ending in late October. It marks the reversal of the flow of the Tonle Sap River. It corresponds to the lunar Mid-Autumn Festival. The festival is marked by dragon boat races, similar to the Chinese Dragon Boat Festival.

Cambodian Water & Moon Festival
Cambodian Water and Moon Festival celebration in front of Royal Palace at Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1914.
Official namePreah Reach Pithi Bon Om Touk Bondaet Pratib Ok Ambok Ning Sampeah Preah Khae (ព្រះរាជពិធីបុណ្យអុំទូក បណ្ដែតប្រទីប អកអំបុក និងសំពះព្រះខែ, meaning ‘The Royal Boat Racing Festival, Lanterns Floating, Taste the Ambok and Worship the Moon’)
Also calledBon Om Touk
Observed byKhmers
SignificanceMarks the Cambodian Water Festival
2020 date30–31–01 October & November
2021 date18–19–20 November
2022 date7–8–9 November
2023 date26–27–28 November
Frequencyannual
Related toThailand Loi Krathong (in Thailand and Laos), Il Poya (in Sri Lanka) Tazaungdaing festival (in Myanmar)

Visitors from every town and province travel to Phnom Penh to watch boat races along the Sisowath Quay and visited illuminated floating royal boats with firework and attend free concerts in the evenings over night. The festival lasts three days, and commemorates the end of the country's rainy season,[1] as well as the change in flow of the Tonle Sap River.[2] It includes boat races and concerts, and attracts several million people each year.[1][3]

Overview
Goddess Ganga in Cambodia art Drawing by San Art

Water Festival is one of the major national festivals in Cambodia, held every November, sometimes falling in late October, the rainy month of the fishing season. The festival is celebrating to mark the reversal flow of Tonle Sap River back from the Great Lake to Mekong River at Phnom Penh, the conjunction of four rivers (known as Chaktomuk).

The Royal Water Festival has 3 days celebrations, with the first day being the opening day of the Royal Boat Race After the boat race takes place in the evening, large lanterns are Bondet Bratib at 6 pm, representing national institutions to pray for peace from Preah Mae Kongkea or (Goddess Ganga). Ganga comes from the river in India called Ganga (Ganga river) is a sacred river of all religions in India, especially the Hindus, although there is no river (Ganga) in Khmer, but the mother of the Ganga is the mother of water keeper such as seas rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, which are the source of water for human and animal husbandry and the flow of sediments and fish. Khmer also has a sacred river, which is the victory of the Hindu, Tonle Sap, love and respect for nature as a mother and take care of their mother with gratitude and compassion. Grateful to the mother of the Ganga and as a prayer that has provided happiness and fruitful fishing in daily life. [4] At night, each ministry has Bondet Bratib adorned with colorful lights and fireworks to celebrate its rich glory. The second day is the day of Og Ambok and the worship of the Moon, which takes place at 12 past midnight, which is related to the ceremony of lighting the lanterns to pray to Preah Purthisat as Buddha, who was born as a rabbit the stories with the moon. Meanwhile, in the Og Ambok ceremony, they can play a group game that makes the members laugh and use the mocking ceremony to make the members laugh until they decide to lose, and then let the loser eat Ambok with bananas until Oh, and the last day is the cut to finish the boat race at the Water Festival. The mother of the Ganga has a hand holding a lotus flower and a Earthenware of water pot, has a vehicle that is a water animal, a fish, a crocodile, a turtle,and a giant monsters Makara look like Mosasaurus "Makor" in (Khmer language).

Royal Boat Racing Festival (Om Touk)

Historical event
Khmer warriors on their long naval boat in the battle of Tonle Sap. Bayon Temple. 12th century.

Boat racing is believed to have been celebrated from ancient times during the reign of Jayavarman VII in (1181 AD) to the present, to commemorate the heroic victory of the Khmer navy that liberated their land from the Cham troops of the Champa Kingdom in a boat battle on the Tonle Sap Lake.[5]:120–121

Literary record

According to the record of Thach Pen alias "Piko (Pang Khat)" from Khleang Province (Soc Trang), Kampuchea Krom (Southern Vietnam), in 1528 AD, King Ang Chan I ordered Ponhea Tat, the commander of the Khmer navy in the Bassac District of Kampuchea Krom, to prepare the Khmer army to defend the province of Preah Trapeang (Tra Vinh, Vietnam), which was under attack from Đại Việt kingdom under Mạc Đăng Dung. The naval boats were divided into three groups:

  • Group 1 is called the "Toap Srouch" or vanguard and the boats that are shaped like today's racing boats are called Ngor boats.
  • Group 2 is called the reserve army and two rows of rowing boats shaped like today's stand racing boats.
  • Group 3, called the Bassac Troops, is a large boat with a roof, oars, and sails, shaped like the Bassac boat, called the Pok Chay boat, and the boat is very long. There is a single roof across the front, no walls, only used at night with lanterns, a food boat for the army, which is the delivery of rice from Kampong Chhnang to Kampuchea Krom in Preah Trapeang Province until the Cambodian navy won.[6]

After his victory, at the same time as King Ang Chan I was crowned in 1529 AD, he celebrated the Bondet Bratib ceremony every year with candles at night, to celebrate the victory over the Đại Việt, to dedicate the glass chin of Buddha, which is kept in the world of Nāga, and to be grateful to the goddess Ganga Preah Mae Kongkea in Khmer language.[7][8][9][10]

French Protectorate
Cambodian racing boat at Phnom Penh near Wat Phnom at the background as depicted in 1873 Le Magasin Pittoresque publication of King Norodom.

As early as 1873, depiction of a Cambodian racing boats appeared in the French publication Le Magasin Pittoresque, and in 1887, the French magazine Les Colonies Francaises dedicated several pages to the meaning of the Water Festival. The festival had been celebrated occasionally after Phnom Penh became the capital of Cambodia in 1866 during the French Protectorate period. After the World War II, Water Festival was also celebrated in Phnom Penh in 1945 and next in 1953 after the Independence of Cambodia from France. In the 1960s, the scope of the festival grew with the doubled number of boats participated in the boat racing festival in Phnom Penh. The festival had been interrupted many times and then suspended during the Cambodian Civil War.[11][12][13] Water Festival was re-celebrated after the 1993 General Election supervised by UNTAC until nowadays, however, has been suspended many times because of many incidents, natural disasters, and finally the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020.[14]

Dancing on the racing boats
Dancing on the racing boats Origin in 16th century

The art of dancing on the bow of the boat has been around for many years and is believed by all citizens to represent the soul of a boat keeper, or boat spirit, which may be the spirit of the woman or man who came to take care of the boat by lighting incense Sen Pren invited before the team took their boat to race officially in the Royal Water Festival. The tradition of having women dance on the bow of the boat continues in the minds of Cambodians to this day. The art of dancing on the bow of the boat also features a man representing the leader of the boat, who shouts for his team to operate in unison, energetically and harmoniously to reach their destination. Racing boats are always painted with eyes, which makes the boat seem alive, representing dragons floating on the water as well.[15]

Classification of Boat Racing (2010 - 2020)

The ranking of the boat races in the Royal Water and Moon Festival, Won awards by the King of the Kingdom of Cambodia.[16]

Rating Boats name Boats capacity Location Year Record
N/A Water Festival Suspension Related World Events Outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic 2020
No. 1 Saray Decho Sen Chey 77 people Kandal Province 2019
No. 1 Koh Kae Sen Chey Baramey Preah Ang Khmao 77 people Preah Vihear Province 2018
No. 1 Saray Decho Sen Chey 77 people Kandal Province 2017
No. 1 Kdam Brai 64 people Kampong Chhnang Province 2016
N/A Water Festival Suspension Because the water level is too low Other Reasons for Political Demonstration 2015
No. 1 Srey Sros Kien Chrey Baramey Decho 75 people Kampong Cham Province 2014
N/A Water Festival Suspension Related to national events National Election 2013
N/A Water Festival Suspension Death King Norodom Sihanouk 2012
N/A Water Festival Suspension Deadly stampede on Koh Pich Bridge in 22.November 2010 who took the lives of 350 people 2011
No. 1 Prithea Char Moha Decho Sen Chey (Enemy Pepper) 72 people Kampong Cham Province 2010

Festival of Illuminated Floats (Bondet Bratib)

Bratib (ប្រទីប)
Early forms of illuminated floats during the Water Festival Celebration during French colonial period in 1945 after the end of World War 2.
Illuminated float (Bratib) of National Assembly of Cambodia during the night of Water Festival.

Bratib is a Lanterns, lamps. In Khmer, we only call small lamps without glass: light a lantern Frames or figurines placed on a flat boat or on a raft, illuminated, floating on the water: floating Water lanterns, many lanterns lined up in a row, in a frame, or in a vertical position, shining brightly for the festival, etc.[17] The Cambodian Lantern Festival is similar to India's "Ganga puja" or "Ganga Dussehra" which is celebrated every year to pay homage to the Goddess Ganga. The Lantern Floating Ceremony is an important event for Cambodians to remember their gratitude for the God-given source of water that is essential to sustaining their daily religious beliefs.So that all people can pray for peace and also pray for their wishes so that God will bless them. Floating lanterns are floating dedicated to both Hinduism and Buddhism. The Dedicated to Buddhism, which is mentioned in the In Pali Khmer version Teathavong scripture Tathagata Pali, it is stated that the four glass jaws of the Buddha Samma Samputa are in four places:

This festival consecrates Preah Chongkhoum Keo (the tooth relics of Buddha) The Khmer people conduct this festival during the full moon of November and believed that great merit and prosperity will be provided to the country.

According to Pali Pheana Veara, it is said that the footprints of the Buddha are located in five directions: Sovann Mealika Barapoat, Sovann Barapoat,Sovann Koda Barapoat, Yoonka Borei and Stoeng Neamatea.

In the prose and Pali praise of Preah Bath "Yortha Bate" it is also said that Buddha's fottprints are located in five directions as mentioned in Pheana Veara.

Bondet Bratib is believed by the Khmer people to have taken place in the 8th century the origin name floating "Bay Sey" or Bondet "Bay Sey" (បាយសី) at Chenla period the original Khmer religion depicting the people before of the Angkorian period celebrating the rituals. "Preah Mae Kongkea", the Khmer goddess or guardian deity of the water, is revered by the Cambodian people to this day.[18]

Loy Bratib Different Loy Kantong

Kantong (កន្ទោង)
Royal concubines dedicating and holding kantong (containers made from leaves with ritual objects) as depicted at Bayon temple in 12th century which is the origin of today Loy Kantong.
Kantong, a container made from leaves with flowers and offerings

Kantong is a plates, utensils made of leaves for food, slaw cigarettes.[19] Kantong festival in September with the last day of Cambodia Pchum Ben Day floating to the Spirit Ghost, Demon, and Soul.

Cambodian stopped floating Kantong in 1960s because of water pollution. Kantong dates back to the Angkorian Empire, based on the bas relief of Bayon temple, the recorded documents by some Cambodian culturalist Mr.Tran Ngea professor of cultural archeology of Director of Khmer Mon Institute 1972. The ordinary people made their kantong from banana trees decorating with flowers, leaves, candles incense with some foods floating offerings to send relatives for the last time on the occasion of the opening of the gates of hell.[20]

Festival of Og Ambok and Sampeah Preah Khae

Og Ambok
Og Ambok
Traditional rice dish of the Cambodian Bon Om Touk Festival, served with coconut and grapes in an ordinary Khmer household.

Og Ambok (Khmer: អកអំបុក, IPA: [ʔog ɑmboːk]) is the traditional rice dish which forms part of the Bon Om Tuk ceremony. During the festival, it is traditional to eat Ambok with coconut juice and banana.[21]

Og Ambok is made by first frying the rice in its natural husks, then beating it in a pestle till soft, and finally, the husks are then removed and mixed in with banana and coconut juice for flavor. This mixture is eaten when the clock strikes midnight, or when the incense offered at the beginning of the gathering, is consumed. Og Ambok is still to this day a very popular traditional dish and it is for sale everywhere during the Bon Om Touk festival.[22]

The Legend of Og Ambok

The history of the Og Ambok ceremony dates back to a long time ago, when it is believed that during the reign of King Barom Reachea III in the year 1568 AD, it happened through his dream, which he dreamed of Indra.Fight with the Demon in fortress Longvek, he saw Indra throwing a ray of lightning to kill the beast. Suddenly, the sound of lightning struck, waking him up. In the morning, he sent his officers to look at the surrounding land in Banteay Longvek and found a land where there was a real lightning strike. The King started "Krong Peali" offering ceremony to pray to the deities of the eight gods directions for 3 day. He ordered the army to build a pagoda to worship Indra, called "Indra Pagoda", in Kampong Chhnang Province and later changed its name to Wat Preah Indra Tep by building a statue of the Buddha in Kampong Chhnang today. When the construction of this pagoda was completed, he organized this ceremony to spread the ambok.[23][24]

Indra

On the second day of the Royal Water Festival, a special commemoration of Lord Indra is celebrated. The reversal of the Tonle Sap suggests why a parallel could be drawn by the Khmer people with Lord Indra. Indra is the one who releases the water from the winter demon. This is the most common theme of the Rigveda concerning Lord Indra: he as the god with thunderbolt kills the evil serpent Vritra that held back rains, and thus released rains and land nourishing rivers.[25] For example, the Rigvedic hymn 1.32 dedicated to Indra reads:

इन्द्रस्य नु वीर्याणि प्र वोचं यानि चकार प्रथमानि वज्री ।
अहन्नहिमन्वपस्ततर्द प्र वक्षणा अभिनत्पर्वतानाम् ॥१।।
अहन्नहिं पर्वते शिश्रियाणं त्वष्टास्मै वज्रं स्वर्यं ततक्ष ।
वाश्रा इव धेनवः स्यन्दमाना अञ्जः समुद्रमव जग्मुरापः ॥२।।

Let me tell you the manly deeds of Indra, which he first accomplished, bolt-weaponed,
He slew the serpent, opened up waters, cleft in twain the belly of mountains, ॥1।।
He slew the serpent on the mountain, with heavenly bolt made by Tvastar,
Like lowing cattle downward sped the waters, then flowed to the ocean. ॥2।।[26]

—Rigveda, 1.32.1–2[27]

Dal Ambok

During this ceremony, 4 or 5 punchers are assigned to help, and there may be 2 or 3 rookers in each group. Assemblers are assigned to collect Angre mortars and search for shredded wood. Normally, at Moha Ambok, 30 to 50 mortars are used to make this ceremony solemn. So they prepared 8 or 30 groups of people to participate in this event. The Og Ambok ceremony is performed when the moon is straight or when the moon is directly overhead.The Archbishop announced that the young men would come to the table and dance in groups lined up with lanterns. Fun A woman grabs a man's hair and tells him to keep his mouth shut. Another woman grabs the ombok and pours the ombus into the man's mouth. The Official call Og Ambok Repeatedly this is repeated, asking, "Is it full?" Comes out loud, not sure full. And they continue to chant until the end of the moon worship. The meaning of the Og Ambok ceremony confirms the abundance of their food stored throughout the year.[28]

Legend of the Cheadok: The Moon Rabbit
The image of a rabbit and mortar delineated on the Moon's surface

In the Buddhist Jataka tales called Cheadok in its Khmer version, Tale 316 relates that a monkey, an otter, a jackal, and a rabbit resolved to practice charity on the day of the full moon (Uposatha), believing a demonstration of great virtue would earn a great reward. According to the Khmer version of the popular legend in the Sovannasam Cheadok (ជាតក), this rabbit is called Pothisat. Every full moon, this holy rabbit would offer his life to someone who wanted to become a Buddha. One full moon, the god Indra found out to testing theirs animals a bout this. He presented himself under the appearance of an old Brahman of Hinduism, and asked theirs animals for foods and the last rabbit call Sasabandit for food too. The rabbit not have many food likely the him group and he agreed to give his life to the old Brahman for food. But the old Brahman said, "This rabbit has observed moral precepts for a long time, so he cannot be killed." Then the rabbit told the old man to make a fire, and then jumped into the fire to kill himself, so that the old man could eat him. But before he jumped into the fire, he quietly wished that he could stay later the old Brahman transformed himself into Indra and said that pure alms is a virtue. Indra not power controll to the moon Khmer call "Chantrea" Indra request to the Goddess Ganga of the wife of the God Shiva make the rabbit image appear in the long time universe in the moon forever after his death. According to this legend, we can still see the rabbit in the middle of the moon today. [29]

Salutation of the Moon: Sampeah Preah Khae

The Sampeah Preah Khae (Khmer: សំពះព្រះខែ, IPA: [sɑmpeəʰ preəʰ kʰaːe]; "moon salutation") is a Buddhist religious festival which is dedicated to the moon which coincides with the Royal Water Festival. Sampeah Preah Khae takes place on the last day of the Royal Water Festival. Cambodians usually set up an array of offerings in the form of fruits that are popular with rabbits, such as Ambok, banana, coconut, yam or sweet potato, as well as drink and incense in front of their homes at night before gathering at pagodas at midnight for the third ceremony, Ak Ambok.[30] They remember the life of Pouthesat the moon rabbit. The full moon determines actual date of the entire water festival. Cambodian people celebrate these two festivals around this time also because this is when bananas, coconuts, yam and sweet potatoes are in abundance.[31] After the Sampeah Preah Khae ceremony, devout Buddhists gather at a pagoda at midnight for the rites associated with Ak Ambok.[32]

Ritual

In the middle of the night, household usually gather to burn incense first, and make small offerings such as ambok, coconut juice and bananas. Once consumed, adults usually take a handful of ambok to feed it into the mouth of younger children as a sign of care and goodwill. While holding their noses, children open their mouth and look at the moon usually making a wish, remembering the generosity of the altruistic rabbit as a model. Apart from these domestic rituals, Khmer people usually enjoy gambling as a group during the festival.[33]

History of the dragon Makor

Makor is a Sanskrit word meaning sea dragon or strange sea creature. This word is the origin of the word 'mugger' (गुंडा) in Hindi. In Hindi, the crocodile is called मकर (Makar or Makarak). The legend it is said that there was Asura an ascetic named Vritra, an ascetic who ruled over dragons. Stops all water from flooding, causing drought across the region, People began to pray to the gods for help. Immediately, a beautiful angel with a beautiful demeanor untied her hair and came down to create a water source in the area. People were very happy and named her "Goddess Ganga". At that moment, a single strand of hair of the Ganges fell to the ground, and it became the sea dragon or water-monster, Makara or Makor in khmer, stronger than anything other animals in the world, It also swallowed up all the creatures it encountered, whether humans, Singha as lions and Nāga dragons. Since no one was able to subdue the monster, Shiva came down to face the Makor, promising the Ganges that if the god Shiva could catch the monster, she would be ready. Married with him. "Preah Eyso" as Siva also came down to face "Makor" for many days, still not knowing how to win or lose. "Kongkea" also told "Eyso" that if you want to subdue me, you can only lift me up and put me on the palm of your hand, And the goddess "Kongkea" used her hair to drop into the water to suck out all the water and leave it alone on land. The Makor, which was an aquatic animal, turned into a Singha as lion's foot. Shiva also uses great weight to sit and press on the beast, unable to withstand the weight of him. "Makor" is willing to surrender to Shiva by the ferocious power of the beast, Shiva held the animal's mouth into the elephant's trunk, The beast promised to spit it out, And Shiva has also used animals as vehicles since then. Makor transform to Gajasimha changed names to "Koch Jor Sey" which is related to "Reach Sey", the King Lion, protector of Kingdom of Cambodia made the symbols of Royal arms of Cambodia The dragon boat races can be seen as a reenactment of these mythological battles.[34]

Program

The Royal Water Festival, which lasts for three days, was recorded for the first time under the reign of King Norodom in 1873 and follows a precise ritual. Dragon boats, from every major pagoda in Cambodia, come to Phnom Penh and compete for three entire days during daylight in elimination rounds until the final race on the third day. In the evening, at the sunset, around 6:00 pm, a prayer is said for peace to Preah Mae Kongkea and a candle is lit by the King. Following this prayer, illuminated floating boats parade on the Tonle Sap, accompanied by fireworks. The illuminated floating boats represent the various royal ministries of Cambodia.

Classification of the dragon boats

It is difficult to make a precise list of the various dragon boats involved in the race. The earliest French documents show boat carvings from the temples of Banteay Chhmar and the temple of Bayon. Khmer architecture is used to design various types of boats, such as:

World's Longest Dragon Boat
  • The Makara boat
  • The Nāga boat
  • The Five Head Naga boats
  • The Elephant boat
  • The Crocodile boats
  • The Hanuman boat riding giant
  • The Suvannamaccha boat or Mermaid boat
  • The Hang Meas (Khmer Golden Phoenix-like Bird) boat
  • The Peacocks boat
  • The Garuda boat

Recent history
Main article: Phnom Penh stampede

Phnom Penh resumed Water Festival celebrations in 1990,[35] following a 20-year break under the Lon Nol regime and then the genocidal Khmer Rouge. A few of Phnom Penh's many foreign residents started participating in the featured boat races in the mid-1990s, though in the first year of participation their boat capsized, along with two other teams, in the wake of a larger ship.[35] In 2008, five rowers drowned and a single rower drowned in 2009 during the boat races.[36]

The celebration turned tragic in 2010, when thousands became trapped and stampeded off the bridge between Phnom Penh and Diamond Island, killing 351 people and injuring 395 more.[37] Rumors spread that it was caused by fear of a coming storm or electrical shock from faulty wiring, and authorities ultimately laid blame on the swaying of the bridge.[38]

Phnom Penh authorities came under fire in 2016 for sanitation, after videos of cleaning crews sweeping trash into the Tonle Sap incited anger on social media.[39]

Upriver dams and a devastating drought in 2019 brought the Mekong to its lowest level ever recorded. The combination has left the Tonle Sap Lake, Southeast Asia's largest fresh-water lake, in crisis. Instead of months, the reversal of the Tonle Sap river lasted just six weeks, which may have consequences on fishing in the region.[40]

See also

References
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  2. "Cambodia's Water Festival". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  3. "Hundreds Die in Stampede on Cambodian Island". The New York Times. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  4. Harish Johari, Pieter Weltevrede (1998). The Birth of the Ganga. Inner Traditions India. p. 120. ISBN 0892816902.
  5. Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 9781842125847
  6. Piko (Pang Khat) Culture - Civilization - Khmer - India 1970 elibrabry Published: 2016
  7. Treng Ngea Khmer History Part 1 and Part 2 1973 elibrabry Published: 11 April 2014
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  9. Eng Soth (1969). Moha Boros Khmer volume-1-7. eLibrary of Cambodia (published 29 August 2014).
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  12. Magasin Pittoresque 1873 "Canoe racing in Cambodia vintage engraved illustration". Alamy Stock Photo. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  13. Vatsala Sperling (2008). Ganga: The River that Flows from Heaven to Earth. Inner Traditions. p. 32. ISBN 978-1591430896.
  14. Khoeun Sakheng ប្រវត្តិសង្ខេប នៃព្រះរាជពិធីបុណ្យអុំទូក 2020
  15. Eng Soth (1969) Documents of the Great Khmer-Earth of King Khon Published: 2014
  16. Cambodia National Committee for National and International Festivals
  17. Choun Nath dictionary Originally published: 1993
  18. Bay Sey - បាយសី Chuon Nath Dictionary
  19. Choun Nath dictionary
  20. Kantong meaning Khmer dictionary
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  22. "Bon Om Touk 2019 and 2020 in Cambodia". PublicHolidays.asia. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
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  24. Hoc Dy Khing, Original from the University of Michigan, général sur la littérature khmère L'Harmattan, 1997 ISBN 2738451403 p.205
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  27. ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १.३२, Wikisource Rigveda Sanskrit text
  28. Meach Pon, Director of the Office of the Khmer Traditional Church of the Buddhist Institute, 1960.
  29. H.T. Francis and R.A. Neil (1897). "SASA-JĀTAKA". Sacred-texts.com. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham 2010.
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  32. 2weekbackpack.com Bon-Om-Touk-Water-Festival
  33. "Khmer History by Mrs.Treong Ngea". savphov. 15 August 2018.
  34. Collection of Khmer Legends (1963) the University of Michigan Publisher: Buddhasāsana Paṇḍity Date: 22 May 2006
  35. ppp_webadmin (7 November 2003). "Barang enter Mekong Spirit in Water Festival". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  36. "Cambodia Water Festival turns tragic with deadly stampede". Christian Science Monitor. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  37. Doherty, Ben (23 November 2010). "Cambodian stampede: Phnom Penh counts the cost of water festival disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  38. "Cambodia stampede: swaying bridge blamed for panic". The Guardian. Associated Press. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  39. Vichea, Pang (16 November 2016). "Video shows workers sweeping Water Festival trash directly into Tonle Sap". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  40. The Mekong is facing npr.org 2019
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