Brown Corpus
The Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English (or just Brown Corpus) is an electronic collection of text samples of American English, the first major structured corpus of varied genres. This corpus first set the bar for the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of word categories in everyday language use. Compiled by Henry Kučera and W. Nelson Francis at Brown University, in Rhode Island, it is a general language corpus containing 500 samples of English, totaling roughly one million words, compiled from works published in the United States in 1961.
History
In 1967, Kučera and Francis published their classic work Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English, which provided basic statistics on what is known today simply as the Brown Corpus.[1]
The Brown Corpus was a carefully compiled selection of current American English, totalling about a million words drawn from a wide variety of sources. Kučera and Francis subjected it to a variety of computational analyses, from which they compiled a rich and variegated opus, combining elements of linguistics, psychology, statistics, and sociology. It has been very widely used in computational linguistics, and was for many years among the most-cited resources in the field.[2]
Shortly after publication of the first lexicostatistical analysis, Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin approached Kučera to supply a million word, three-line citation base for its new American Heritage Dictionary. This ground-breaking new dictionary, which first appeared in 1969, was the first dictionary to be compiled using corpus linguistics for word frequency and other information.
The initial Brown Corpus had only the words themselves, plus a location identifier for each. Over the following several years part-of-speech tags were applied. The Greene and Rubin tagging program (see under part of speech tagging) helped considerably in this, but the high error rate meant that extensive manual proofreading was required.
The tagged Brown Corpus used a selection of about 80 parts of speech, as well as special indicators for compound forms, contractions, foreign words and a few other phenomena, and formed the model for many later corpora such as the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus (British English from the early 1990s) and the Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English (FROWN) (American English from the early 1990s).[3][4] Tagging the corpus enabled far more sophisticated statistical analysis, such as the work programmed by Andrew Mackie, and documented in books on English grammar.[5]
One interesting result is that even for quite large samples, graphing words in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence shows a hyperbola: the frequency of the n-th most frequent word is roughly proportional to 1/n. Thus "the" constitutes nearly 7% of the Brown Corpus, "to" and "of" more than another 3% each; while about half the total vocabulary of about 50,000 words are hapax legomena: words that occur only once in the corpus.[6] This simple rank-vs.-frequency relationship was noted for an extraordinary variety of phenomena by George Kingsley Zipf (for example, see his The Psychobiology of Language), and is known as Zipf's law.
Although the Brown Corpus pioneered the field of corpus linguistics, by now typical corpora (such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the British National Corpus or the International Corpus of English) tend to be much larger, on the order of 100 million words.
Sample distribution
The Corpus consists of 500 samples, distributed across 15 genres in rough proportion to the amount published in 1961 in each of those genres. All works sampled were published in 1961; as far as could be determined they were first published then, and were written by native speakers of American English.
Each sample began at a random sentence-boundary in the article or other unit chosen, and continued up to the first sentence boundary after 2,000 words. In a very few cases miscounts led to samples being just under 2,000 words.
The original data entry was done on upper-case only keypunch machines; capitals were indicated by a preceding asterisk, and various special items such as formulae also had special codes.
The corpus originally (1961) contained 1,014,312 words sampled from 15 text categories:
- A. PRESS: Reportage (44 texts)
- Political
- Sports
- Society
- Spot News
- Financial
- Cultural
- B. PRESS: Editorial (27 texts)
- Institutional Daily
- Personal
- Letters to the Editor
- C. PRESS: Reviews (17 texts)
- theatre
- books
- music
- dance
- D. RELIGION (17 texts)
- Books
- Periodicals
- Tracts
- E. SKILL AND HOBBIES (36 texts)
- Books
- Periodicals
- F. POPULAR LORE (48 texts)
- Books
- Periodicals
- G. BELLES-LETTRES - Biography, Memoirs, etc. (75 texts)
- Books
- Periodicals
- H. MISCELLANEOUS: US Government & House Organs (30 texts)
- Government Documents
- Foundation Reports
- Industry Reports
- College Catalog
- Industry House organ
- J. LEARNED (80 texts)
- Natural Sciences
- Medicine
- Mathematics
- Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Political Science, Law, Education
- Humanities
- Technology and Engineering
- K. FICTION: General (29 texts)
- Novels
- Short Stories
- L. FICTION: Mystery and Detective Fiction (24 texts)
- Novels
- Short Stories
- M. FICTION: Science (6 texts)
- Novels
- Short Stories
- N. FICTION: Adventure and Western (29 texts)
- Novels
- Short Stories
- P. FICTION: Romance and Love Story (29 texts)
- Novels
- Short Stories
- R. HUMOR (9 texts)
- Novels
- Essays, etc.
Part-of-speech tags used
| Tag | Definition |
|---|---|
| . | sentence (. ; ? *) |
| ( | left paren |
| ) | right paren |
| * | not, n't |
| -- | dash |
| , | comma |
| : | colon |
| ABL | pre-qualifier (quite, rather) |
| ABN | pre-quantifier (half, all) |
| ABX | pre-quantifier (both) |
| AP | post-determiner (many, several, next) |
| AT | article (a, the, no) |
| BE | be |
| BED | were |
| BEDZ | was |
| BEG | being |
| BEM | am |
| BEN | been |
| BER | are, art |
| BBB | is |
| CC | coordinating conjunction (and, or) |
| CD | cardinal numeral (one, two, 2, etc.) |
| CS | subordinating conjunction (if, although) |
| DO | do |
| DOD | did |
| DOZ | does |
| DT | singular determiner/quantifier (this, that) |
| DTI | singular or plural determiner/quantifier (some, any) |
| DTS | plural determiner (these, those) |
| DTX | determiner/double conjunction (either) |
| EX | existential there |
| FW | foreign word (hyphenated before regular tag) |
| HL | word occurring in the headline (hyphenated after regular tag) |
| HV | have |
| HVD | had (past tense) |
| HVG | having |
| HVN | had (past participle) |
| HVZ | has |
| IN | preposition |
| JJ | adjective |
| JJR | comparative adjective |
| JJS | semantically superlative adjective (chief, top) |
| JJT | morphologically superlative adjective (biggest) |
| MD | modal auxiliary (can, should, will) |
| NC | cited word (hyphenated after regular tag) |
| NN | singular or mass noun |
| NN$ | possessive singular noun |
| NNS | plural noun |
| NNS$ | possessive plural noun |
| NP | proper noun or part of name phrase |
| NP$ | possessive proper noun |
| NPS | plural proper noun |
| NPS$ | possessive plural proper noun |
| NR | adverbial noun (home, today, west) |
| NRS | plural adverbial noun |
| OD | ordinal numeral (first, 2nd) |
| PN | nominal pronoun (everybody, nothing) |
| PN$ | possessive nominal pronoun |
| PP$ | possessive personal pronoun (my, our) |
| PP$$ | second (nominal) possessive pronoun (mine, ours) |
| PPL | singular reflexive/intensive personal pronoun (myself) |
| PPLS | plural reflexive/intensive personal pronoun (ourselves) |
| PPO | objective personal pronoun (me, him, it, them) |
| PPS | 3rd. singular nominative pronoun (he, she, it, one) |
| PPSS | other nominative personal pronoun (I, we, they, you) |
| QL | qualifier (very, fairly) |
| QLP | post-qualifier (enough, indeed) |
| RB | adverb |
| RBR | comparative adverb |
| RBT | superlative adverb |
| RN | nominal adverb (here, then, indoors) |
| RP | adverb/particle (about, off, up) |
| TL | word occurring in title (hyphenated after regular tag) |
| TO | infinitive marker to |
| UH | interjection, exclamation |
| VB | verb, base form |
| VBD | verb, past tense |
| VBG | verb, present participle/gerund |
| VBN | verb, past participle |
| VBP | verb, non 3rd person, singular, present |
| VBZ | verb, 3rd. singular present |
| WDT | wh- determiner (what, which) |
| WP$ | possessive wh- pronoun (whose) |
| WPO | objective wh- pronoun (whom, which, that) |
| WPS | nominative wh- pronoun (who, which, that) |
| WQL | wh- qualifier (how) |
| WRB | wh- adverb (how, where, when) |
Note that some versions of the tagged Brown corpus contain combined tags. For instance the word "wanna" is tagged VB+TO, since it is a contracted form of the two words, want/VB and to/TO. Also some tags might be negated, for instance "aren't" would be tagged "BER*", where * signifies the negation. Additionally, tags may have hyphenations: The tag -HL is hyphenated to the regular tags of words in headlines. The tag -TL is hyphenated to the regular tags of words in titles. The hyphenation -NC signifies an emphasized word. Sometimes the tag has a FW- prefix which means foreign word.
See also
- LOB Corpus, a corpus of British English based on the same parameters as the Brown Corpus
- British National Corpus
References
- Francis, W. Nelson & Henry Kucera. 1967. Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
- Francis, W. Nelson & Henry Kucera. 1979. BROWN CORPUS MANUAL: Manual of Information to Accompany a Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English for Use with Digital Computers. http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm.html.
- Hundt, Marianne, Andrea Sand & Rainer Siemund. 1998. Manual of Information to Accompany the Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English (FROWN). http://khnt.hit.uib.no/icame/manuals/frown/INDEX.HTM
- Leech, Geoffrey & Nicholas Smith. 2005. Extending the possibilities of corpus-based research on English in the twentieth century: A prequel to LOB and FLOB. ICAME Journal 29. 83–98.
- Winthrop Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera. 1983. Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar, Houghton Mifflin.
- Kirsten Malmkjær, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-22210-9, p. 87.