Camponotus floridanus

Camponotus floridanus, or Florida carpenter ant,[1] is a species of ant in the genus Camponotus.[2] First described as Formica floridana by Buckley in 1866,[3] the species was moved to Camponotus by Mayr in 1886.[4] The ant is widespread in Florida and occurs as far north as North Carolina and as far west as Mississippi.

Camponotus floridanus
Camponotus floridanus worker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Formicinae
Genus:
Camponotus
Species:
C. floridanus
Binomial name
Camponotus floridanus
(Buckley, 1866)

Description

Camponotus floridanus is one of the most familiar ant species in Florida owing both to its large size and conspicuous coloration. Workers and queens are bicolored, having a reddish-orange head and a bright to dullish orange colored mesosoma and legs, punctuated sharply by a deep black gaster. Male alates of this species are more concolorous, primarily ranging in the rusty to cider oranges. C. floridanus can be distinguished from its visually similar but smaller relative Camponotus tortuganus by its wider than long head, smaller but stockier legs relative to body size and overall stouter build. Queens on average vary 14-16 mm in length, and the highly polymorphic workers can potentially attain similar lengths, with the largest majors reaching 11-13 mm. Minors and mediae are typically around 4-9 mm.

Biology

Behavior
Major worker of the Florida carpenter ant

These ants are highly aggressive and fast moving, being quick to swarm any disturbance to their nest. Workers are relentless as they attack, meticulously checking for weaknesses in the skin and targeting vulnerable areas such as the skin creases or the nail cuticles. Major workers can deliver particularly devastating bites as their mandibles more readily pierce the skin, for which they may then spray noxious formic acid onto. The unusual aggression of this Camponotus species may be an adaptation in response to its nesting habits, as they commonly inhabit extensively rotted deadwood that can easily be broken apart by hand.

Outside of deadwood, colonies may be found nesting underground within the base of a living tree or inside tree cavities. Even artificial structures such as hollow poles or fencing may be taken residence. Colonies prefer shaded areas in which to nest, such as in dense woodlands, though any area with many trees which provide adequate shade is potential suitable habitat. Floridanus is readily tolerant of disturbed areas of human habitation, making them a common sight in the densely populated suburbs of Florida. In certain areas these ants can be quite populous and during mating flights the winged individuals numerous, leading to concerned property owners finding them on the walls of stores, buildings and homes. These ants however are not generally considered a threat to structures as they do not normally excavate into wood unlike some wood-boring species of Camponotus, instead preferring existing cavities to nest in.

Floridanus primarily forages at night, though workers from larger colonies may be seen foraging during the day (in shaded areas). Different worker castes also perform different roles in the colony, with the smaller workers caring for the brood and queen, maintaining the nest and foraging for food. Major workers however only defend the nest and do not venture far, unless travelling to and from the numerous satellite nests the colony occupies. Northern populations undergo a diapause during the winter, while southernmost populations do not experience much dramatic and extensive diapause periods, if not at all, due to the warm tropical climate of South Florida. Compared to other members of its genus, C. floridanus is one of the most active and faster growing Camponotus species in North America.

Reproduction

Nuptial flights begin around May and peak in the summer months. Flights are triggered after heavy rains have raised the humidity of the air to 80-90% and temperatures around 80+°F are present half an hour after sunset. The female alates mate in the air once then ground themselves to search for a location to establish a new colony. Floridanus is highly productive and colonies grow rapidly, reaching 1,000 workers within the first year and potentially exceeding 8,000 individuals in a mature colony 2-3 years later. Both male and female alates are attracted to bright white lights and can be found en masse around street, court, and field lights.

Queens are fully claustral and colonies are monogynous (contain one queen).

Diet

The Florida carpenter ant is omnivorous, taking arthropod food items as well as sweets, such as nectar or the sugary secretions produced by aphids in which they care for and defend. Like other Camponotus, they have their own species of symbiotic bacteria in the genus Blochmannia that helps supplement their nutrient poor diets. These bacteria recycle waste products, such as urates from animal urine, into usable amino acids for the ants. [5]

Taxonomic status

C. floridanus is closely related to Camponotus atriceps, and may possibly be considered a subspecies of C.atriceps that diverged after a population became isolated within Florida. More phylogenetic and biochemical analysis is needed to determine the evolutionary history between C. floridanus and C. atriceps and in order ascertain the formers status as a separate species or a subspecies.

References
  1. Simola, D. F.; Ye, C.; Mutti, N. S.; Dolezal, K.; Bonasio, R.; Liebig, J.; Reinberg, D.; Berger, S. L. (2012). "A chromatin link to caste identity in the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus". Genome Research. 23 (3): 486–96. doi:10.1101/gr.148361.112. PMC 3589537. PMID 23212948.
  2. Bolton, B. (2015). "Camponotus floridanus". AntCat. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  3. Buckley, S. B. (1866). "Descriptions of new species of North American Formicidae". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 6: 152–172.
  4. Mayr, G. (1886). "Die Formiciden der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika". Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 36: 419–464.
  5. Feldhaar, Heike; Straka, Josef; Krischke, Markus; Berthold, Kristina; Stoll, Sascha; Mueller, Martin J.; Gross, Roy (2007-10-30). "Nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont Blochmannia". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 48. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-48. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 2206011. PMID 17971224.
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