Cerro Azul Formation

The Cerro Azul Formation (Spanish: Formación Cerro Azul), in the Buenos Aires Province also described as Epecuén Formation, is a geological formation of Late Miocene (Tortonian, or Huayquerian in the SALMA classification) age in the Colorado Basin of the Buenos Aires and La Pampa Provinces in northeastern Argentina.[1][2]

Cerro Azul Formation Stratigraphic range: Tortonian (Huayquerian) ~10–5.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Fossil burrow fills in the Cerro Azul Formation
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	alluvium
Overlies	Arroyo Chasicó Formation or Crystalline basement
Thickness	54 m (177 ft) (outcrop) 180 m (590 ft) (subsurface)
Lithology
Primary	Siltstone, sandstone
Other	Conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	35.7°S 64.7°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	35.9°S 62.7°W
Region	Buenos Aires & La Pampa Provinces
Country	Argentina
Extent	Colorado Basin
Type section
Named for	Cerro Azul, Epecuén Lake
Named by	Linares et al.
Year defined	1980
Outcrop map of the Cerro Azul Formation

The fluvial and aeolian siltstones, sandstones and tuffs of the formation contain many mammals, such as Thylacosmilus and Macrauchenia, reptiles, amphibians and fossils of terror birds as well as Argentavis, the largest flying bird ever discovered.

Description

Sedimentary logs of the Cerro Azul Formation

The Cerro Azul Formation crops out in patches in the southwestern Buenos Aires Province and southeastern Pampa Province. The Epecuén Formation has been correlated to the Cerro Azul Formation in the early 2000s. The Cerro Azul and Epecuén Formations were named after the Cerro Azul ("Blue Hill") and Epecuén Lake where the formation crops out.[3] The formation overlies crystalline basement or the Arroyo Chasicó Formation.[4] The mammal assemblage of the Cerro Azul-Epecuén unit is the most diverse for the Huayquerian Late Miocene age, possibly ranging into the Pliocene.[5] The formation is considered contemporaneous with the Río Negro Formation of the Colorado Basin.[6][7]

The unit is characterized by a monotonous succession of loess containing moderately developed paleosols. In particular, the formation is considered as representing the interval between 10 and 5.7 Ma. The maximum exposed thickness in outcrop is 54 metres (177 ft), although the unit reaches about 180 metres (590 ft) in the subsurface.[8]

The Cerro Azul Formation deposits were described by Linares et al. in 1980.[3] They are discontinuous along the whole occupied area in the provinces of La Pampa and Buenos Aires. They are composed of silts, sandy silts and very thin silty sands, reddish and brown colored, with a homogeneous and compact general aspect, and frequent carbonate nodules and evidences of pedogenic processes. Visconti et al. (2010) interpreted them as eolian deposits characterized by loessic materials, with a high percentage of lithic fragments and volcaniclastic sediments.[9]

The sediments and their fauna belong to a sedimentary and faunal cycle, which followed the withdrawal (around 10 Ma) of a widespread marine transgression that extended from central Argentina, to western Uruguay and southern Paraguay and Brazil, the "Paraná Sea" or mar paranense in Spanish.[10]

Large cylindrical sediment-filled structures, 115 of which interpreted as mammal burrows occur within the loess-paleosol sequence of the formation.[11]

Fossil content

The following fossils have been recovered from the formation:[1]

Locations:

La Pampa

• Barrancas Coloradas - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Caleufú - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Cerro El Chancho - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Cerro Patagua - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Estancia Don Mariano - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Estancia El Recado - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Estancia Ré - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• El Guanaco - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Huayquerías de San Carlos - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Laguna Chillhué - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Laguna Guatraché - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Quehué - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa
• Telen - Cerro Azul Formation - La Pampa

Buenos Aires

• Bajo Giuliani - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Barrancas de Sarmiento - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Eduardo Castex - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Estancia los Médanos - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Estancia Quiñi-Malal - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Grünbein Cantera Seminario - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Grünbein Cantera Seminario Level 2 - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Laguna Epecuén - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Laguna La Paraguaya - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Puesto Colorado - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Ruta 14 - Cerro Azul Formation - Buenos Aires
• Arroyo Guaminí - Epecuén Formation - Buenos Aires
• Carhué - Epecuén Formation - Buenos Aires
• Laguna de los Paraguayos - Epecuén Formation - Buenos Aires
• Robilote Field - SE of Epecuén lagoon & E of Laguna de Epecuén - Epecuén Formation - Buenos Aires
• Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo - Epecuén Formation - Buenos Aires

Group	Clade	Taxa	Location	Images	Notes
Mammals	Carnivora	Cyonasua brevirostris	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		C. prebrevirostris	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		Cyonasua sp.	Telén		[13]
	Sparassodonta	Borhyaenidium musteloides	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		Thylacosmilus atrox	El Guanaco Quehué Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][14]
		Borhyaenidae indet.	Telén		[13]
	Rodents	Abrocoma antiqua	Estancia Ré		[15]
		Cardiatherium aff. orientalis	Laguna Chillhué Laguna Guatraché		[16]
		Chasichimys bonaerense	Cerro Patagua		[17]
		C. scagliai	Laguna Chillhué		[17]
		Neocavia pampeana	Estancia El Recado		[18]
		Lagostomus pretrichodactyla	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		Neophanomys pristinus	Estancia Don Mariano Quehué		[19]
		Palaeoctodon aff. simplicidens	Bajo Giuliani		[20][21]
		Pampamys emmonsae	Laguna Chillhué Bajo Giuliani Estancia Ré		[21][22]
		Phtoramys hidalguense	Barrancas Coloradas Salinas de Hidalgo		[21][23]
		Proctenomys simpsoni	El Guanaco Barrancas Coloradas		[24]
		Reigechimys octodontiformis	Bajo Giuliani Estancia Ré		[25]
		R. plesiodon	Laguna Chillhué		[26]
		R. simplex	Bajo Giuliani		[25]
		Tetrastylus araucanus	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		Theridomysops parvulus	Telén		[13]
		Xenodontomys ellipticus	Grünbein Cantera Seminario Barrancas de Sarmiento		[27]
		Phtoramys cf. hidalguense	Grünbein Cantera Seminario		[27]
		Cardiomys sp.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		Chasichimys sp.	Bajo Giuliani		[17]
		Dolicavia sp.	Grünbein Cantera Seminario		[27]
		Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp.	Grünbein Cantera Seminario Barrancas de Sarmiento Estancia Ré Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][15][27]
		Neocavia sp.	Grünbein Cantera Seminario		[27]
		Neophanomys sp.	Estancia Ré		[28]
		Orthomyctera sp.	Grünbein Cantera Seminario Salinas de Hidalgo		[27][12]
		Palaeocavia sp.	Grünbein Cantera Seminario Barrancas de Sarmiento Estancia Ré		[12][15][27]
		Phtoramys sp.	Estancia Ré		[15]
		Protabrocoma sp.	Telén		[13]
		Tetrastylus sp.	Telén		[13]
		aff. Clyomys sp.	Barrancas Coloradas		[21]
		Caviidae indet.	Barrancas de Sarmiento		[27]
		Ctenomyidae indet.	Telén		[13]
		Echimyidae indet.	Telén		[13]
		Hydrochoeridae indet.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[14]
		Octodontoidea indet.	Estancia Ré		[28]
	Xenarthra	Aspidocalyptus castroi	Robilote Field Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][29]
		Coscinocercus brachyurus	Robilote Field Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][29]
		C. marcalaini	Robilote Field Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][29]
		Hoplophractus tapinocefalus	Laguna de los Paraguayos Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][30]
		Plohophorus araucanus	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		Proscelidodon gracillimus	Estancia Don Mariano Huayquerías de San Carlos Laguna Epecuén Bajo Giuliani Laguna Chillhué Loventué Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo Quehué Barrancas Coloradas Estancia Ré Arroyo Guaminí Laguna de los Paraguayos Carhué		[31][32] [33][34]
		Aspidocalyptus sp.	Telén		[13]
		Coscinocercus sp.	Telén		[13]
		Eosclerocalyptus sp.	Laguna La Paraguaya		[35]
		Eumysops sp.	Laguna Chillhué		[21]
		Hoplophorus sp.	Telén		[13]
		Hoplophractus sp.	Telén		[13]
		Plesiomegatherium sp.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
		cf. Aspidocalyptus sp.	Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2		[27]
		cf. Pseudoplohophorus sp.	Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2		[27]
		Glyptodontidae indet.	Laguna La Paraguaya Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo		[35]
		Mylodontidae indet.	Telén		[13]
	Cingulata	Chasicotatus ameghinoi	Laguna Chillhué Estancia Don Mariano Cerro Patagua Cerro El Chancho Cerro de los Guanacos Puesto Colorado Estancia Quiñi-Malal Bajo Giuliani El Guanaco Telen El Recado Laguna Guatraché Loventué Quehué Barrancas Coloradas Estancia Ré Salinas de Hidalgo		[13][36] [37][38]
		Chasicotatus cf. peiranoi	Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2		[27]
		Chorobates villosissimus	Laguna Chillhué Estancia Don Mariano Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2 Puesto Colorado Ruta 14 Estancia Quiñi-Malal El Guanaco Telen El Recado Loventué Quehué Estancia Ré Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][27][36] [37][38]
		Doellotatus chapadmalensis	El Recado Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][38]
		D. inornatus	Laguna Chillhué Estancia Don Mariano Grünbein Cantera Seminario Puesto Colorado Ruta 14 El Guanaco El Recado Laguna Guatraché Loventué Quehué Barrancas Coloradas Estancia Ré Telén Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][27] [36][37] [38][13]
		D. cf. praecursor	Grünbein Cantera Seminario		[27]
Macrochorobates chapalmalensis		El Guanaco Barrancas Coloradas		[36]
M. scalabrinii		Laguna Chillhué Estancia Don Mariano Telen Loventué Quehué Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][36] [37][13]
Macroeuphractus morenoi		Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2 Puesto Colorado Laguna Chillhué Telen El Recado Laguna Guatraché Loventué Quehué Barrancas Coloradas Estancia Ré Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][27] [36][37] [38][13]
M. retusus		Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
Proeuphractus limpidus		Laguna Chillhué Telén		[36][13]
Vetelia perforata		Cerro Patagua Cerro de los Guanacos Telén		[36][37][13]
Zaedyus pichiy		Laguna Chillhué Telen Quehué		[37]
Chasicotatus sp.		El Recado		[27][38]
Chorobates sp.		Grünbein Cantera Seminario		[27]
Doellotatus sp.		Laguna La Paraguaya		[38]
Macrochorobates sp.		Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2 El Recado		[27][38]
Paleuphractus sp.		Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
Proeuphractus sp.		Laguna Chillhué Cerro Patagua Telen El Recado Laguna Guatraché Quehué Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][36] [37][38] [13]
Didelphimorphia	Hyperdidelphys pattersoni	El Guanaco Telén		[14][13]
	Thylamys pinei	Laguna Chillhué		[21]
	T. zetti	Estancia Ré Arroyo Guaminí		[15][33]
	Thylatheridium dolgopolae	El Guanaco Quehué Telén		[39][13]
	T. hudsoni	Bajo Giuliani Telén		[14][13]
	Zygolestes tatei	Bajo Giuliani		[14][21]
	Hyperdidelphys sp.	Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo		[40]
	Thylatheridium sp.	Estancia Ré Telén		[15][13]
	Didelphinae indet.	Telén		[13]
	Lutreolina sp.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
	Sparassocynidae indet.	Telen		[14][13]
Ungulates	Diplasiotherium pampa	Bajo Giuliani Laguna Chillhué Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][41]
	Eoauchenia cingulata	Robilote Field Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][29]
	E. primitiva	El Guanaco		[41]
	Epecuenia thoatherioides	Robilote Field Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][29]
	Huayqueriana cristata	Robilote Field		[29]
	Macrauchenia latidens	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
	cf. Brachytherium cuspidatum	Telén Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][13]
	Neobrachytherium sp.	Bajo Giuliani Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][41]
	Promacrauchenia sp.	Grünbein Cantera Relleno Sanitario Level 2 Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][27]
	Proterotheriidae indet.	Bajo Giuliani Telén		[41][13]
	Litopterna indet.	Telén		[13]
Notoungulata	Hemihegetotherium achataleptum	Cerro Patagua Eduardo Castex Cerro de los Guanacos Puesto Colorado Bajo Giuliani Laguna Chillhué Loventué Salinas de Hidalgo		[42][37] [36][43]
	H. lazai	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
	Paedotherium bonaerense	Barrancas de Sarmiento		[27]
	Paedotherium minor	Laguna La Paraguaya Estancia Ré Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][35]
	Paedotherium cf. minor	Grünbein Cantera Seminario		[27]
	Pisanodon nazari	Salinas de Hidalgo		[12]
	Pseudotypotherium carhuense	Robilote Field Salinas de Hidalgo		[12][29]
	Tremacyllus impressus	Grünbein Cantera Seminario Bajo Giuliani Laguna Chillhué Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo Quehué Barrancas Coloradas		[27][43]
	Typotheriodon grandis	Robilote Field		[29]
	Typotheriopsis minimus	Robilote Field		[29]
	Paedotherium sp.	Bajo Giuliani Laguna Chillhué Estancia Ré		[44]
	Mesotheriinae indet.	Laguna La Paraguaya Telén		[13][35]
Polydolopimorphia	Argyrolagus rusconii	Bajo Giuliani El Guanaco Barrancas Coloradas		[14]
	Argyrolagidae indet.	Telén		[13]
Paucituberculata	Pliolestes venetus	Bajo Giuliani Laguna Chillhué		[14]
Birds	Phorusrhacidae	Onactornis depressus	Carhué		[45]
		Procariama simplex	Salinas de Hidalgo		[46]
		Phorusrhacidae indet.	Laguna Guatraché Carhué		[45]
	Cathartidae	Argentavis magnificens	Carhué		[12]
	Tinamiformes	Eudromia sp.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[45]
		Nothura sp.	Bajo Giuliani El Guanaco Salinas de Hidalgo		[45]
	Rheidae	Rhea sp.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[45]
Reptiles	Squamata	Tupinambis sp.	Telén		[13]
	Testudines	Chelidae indet.	Telén		[13]
		Testudinidae indet.	Salinas de Hidalgo		[47]
Amphibians	Ceratophrynidae	Lepidobatrachus sp.	Quehué		[48]

SALMA correlations

Huayquerian correlations in South America

Formation	Cerro Azul	Ituzaingó	Paraná	Camacho	Raigón	Andalhuala	Chiquimil	Las Flores	Maimará	Palo	Pebas	Muyu	Rosa	Saldungaray	Salicas	Urumaco	Map
Basin	Colorado	Paraná				Hualfín		Tontal	Andes	Salta	Amazon	Huasi	Altiplano	BA	Velasco	Falcón	Cerro Azul Formation (South America)
Country	Argentina			Uruguay		Argentina					Brazil  Peru	Bolivia		Argentina		Venezuela
Cardiatherium
Lagostomus
Macroeuphractus
Proeuphractus
Pronothrotherium
Pseudotypotherium
Thylacosmilus
Xotodon
Macraucheniidae
Primates
Rodents
Reptiles
Birds
Terror birds
Flora
Environments	Aeolian-fluvial	Fluvio-deltaic			Fluvial						Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvial			Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvio-deltaic	Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora
Volcanic						Yes

See also

• South American land mammal ages
• Honda Group
• Ituzaingó Formation
• Pebas Formation
• Urumaco

References

1. Cerro Azul Formation in the Paleobiology Database
2. Epecuén Formation in the Paleobiology Database
3. Visconti et al., 2010, p.259
4. Visconti et al., 2010, p.262
5. Carrillo et al., 2015, p.5
6. Pérez, 2012, p.11
7. Visconti et al., 2010, p.258
8. Cardonatto & Melchor, 2018, p.2
9. Caleufú at Fossilworks.org
10. Verzi & Montalvo, 2008, p.285
11. Cardonatto & Melchor, 2018, p.1
12. Vizcaino & Fariña, 1999
13. Montalvo et al., 2008
14. Goin et al., 2000
15. Montalvo et al., 2016
16. Vucetich et al., 2014
17. Verzi, 1999
18. Montalvo & Rocha, 2003
19. Verzi et al., 2011
20. Montalvo & Casadio, 1988
21. Verzi et al., 2008
22. Verzi et al., 1995
23. Pascual et al., 1965
24. Verzi et al., 1991
25. Sostillo et al., 2014
26. Verzi et al., 1994
27. Deschamps, 2005
28. Cerdeño et al., 2017
29. Cabrera, 1939
30. Zurita & Aramayo, 2007
31. Montalvo et al., 2020
32. Rovereto, 1914
33. Goin, 1997
34. Ortega, 1967
35. Cardonatto & Melchor, 2018, p.16
36. Urrutia et al., 2008
37. Esteban et al., 2000
38. Esteban et al., 2003
39. Goin & Montalvo, 1988
40. Goin & Pardiñas, 1996
41. Schmidt et al., 2018
42. Cerdeño & Montalvo, 2002
43. Sostillo et al., 2018
44. Cerdeño et al., 2017
45. Cenizo et al., 2012
46. Vezzosi, 2012
47. De la Fuente et al., 2018
48. Nicoli, 2017

Bibliography

Geology

• Pérez, Mariano. 2012. Análisis paleoambiental del miembro superior de la Formación Río Negro (Mioceno-Plioceno de Patagonia septentrional): un ejemplo de interacción fluvio-eólica compleja (BSc. thesis), 1–47. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Visconti, Graciela; Ricardo N. Melchor; Claudia I. Montalvo; Aldo M. Umazano, and Elena E. De Elorriaga. 2010. Anáisis litoestratigráfico de la Formación Cerro Azul (Mioceno Superior) de la Provincia de La Pampa. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 257–265.

Paleontology

• Montalvo, C. I.; A. R. Miño Boilini; R. Sostillo; E. Cerdeño; M. C. Cardonatto, and R. A. Bonini. 2020. The Scelidotheriinae Proscelidodon gracillimus (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Cerro Azul Formation (late Miocene), Argentina: Ontogenetic variability and taxonomy. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 102754. ..
• Rasia, L. L.; R. A. Bonini, and A. M. Candela. 2020. Nuevos registros de Lagostomus Brookes, 1828 (Rodentia, Chinchillidae) en el Mioceno tardío de Argentina y su importancia bioestratigráfica. Andean Geology 47. . Accessed 2020-08-13.
• Cardonatto, M. C., and R. N. Melchor. 2018. Large mammal burrows in late Miocene calcic paleosols from central Argentina: paleoenvironment, taphonomy and producers. PeerJ 6. e4787. Accessed 2020-08-13.
• De la Fuente, M. S.; G. G. Zacarias, and E. Vlachos. 2018. A review of the fossil record of the South American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59. 269–286. Accessed 2020-08-13.
• Madozzo Jaén, M. Carolina; M. Encarnación Pérez; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Rodrigo L. Tomassini. 2018. Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63. 241–260. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Schmidt, G. I.; C. I. Montalvo; R. Sostillo, and E. Cerdeño. 2018. Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Cerro Azul Formation (late Miocene), La Pampa Province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 83. 165–177.
• Sostillo, R.; E. Cerdeño, and C. Montalvo. 2018. Taxonomic implications of a large sample of Tremacyllus (Hegetotheriidae: Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene Cerro Azul Formation of La Pampa, Argentina. Ameghiniana 55. 407–422.
• Cerdeño, E.; C. I. Montalvo, and R. Sostillo. 2017. Deciduous dentition and eruption pattern in late Miocene Pachyrukhinae (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from La Pampa Province, Argentina. Historical Biology 29. 359–375.
• Nicoli, F. 2017. The presence of Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) in the Neogene of La Pampa Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 54. 700–705.
• Montalvo, C. I.; R. L. Tomassini, and R. Sostillo. 2016. Leftover prey remains: a new taphonomic mode from the Late Miocene Cerro Azul Formation of Central Argentina. Lethaia 49. 219–230.
• Carrillo, Juan D.; Analía Forasiepi; Carlos Jaramillo, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2015. Neotropical mammal diversity and the Great American Biotic Interchange: spatial and temporal variation in South America's fossil record. Frontiers in Genetics 5. 1–11.
• Sostillo, Renata; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Diego H. Verzi. 2014. A new species of Reigechimys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from the Late Miocene of central Argentina and the evolutionary pattern of the lineage. Ameghiniana 51. 284–294. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Vucetich, M. G.; C. M. Deschamps; E. C. Vieytes, and C. I. Montalvo. 2014. Late Miocene Capybaras from Argentina: Skull Anatomy, Taxonomy, Evolution, and Biochronology. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59. 517–535.
• Cenizo, M. M.; C. P. Tambussi, and C. I. Montalvo. 2012. Late Miocene continental birds from the Cerro Azul Formation in the Pampean region (central-southern Argentina). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 36. 47–68.
• Vezzosi, Raúl Ignacio. 2012. First record of Procariama simplex Rovereto, 1914 (Phorusrhacidae, Psilopterinae) in the Cerro Azul Formation (upper Miocene) of La Pampa Province; remarks on its anatomy, palaeogeography and chronological range. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 36. 157–169.
• Verzi, D. H.; E. C. Vieytes, and C. I. Montalvo. 2011. Dental evolution in Neophanomys (Rodentia, Octodontidae) from the late Miocene of central Argentina. Geobios 44. 621–633.
• Montalvo, C. I.; R. N. Melchor; G. Visconti, and E. Cerdeño. 2008. Vertebrate taphonomy in loess-palaeosol deposits: A case study from the late Miocene of Central Argentina. Geobios 41. 133–143.
• Verzi, D. H., and C. I. Montalvo. 2008. The oldest South American Cricetidae (Rodentia) and Mustelidae (Carnivora): Late Miocene faunal turnover in Central Argentina and the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 267. 284–291.
• Verzi, D. H.; C. I. Montalvo, and C. M. Deschamps. 2008. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy. Geobios 41. 145–155.
• Urrutia, J. J.; C. I. Montalvo, and G. J. Scillato Yané. 2008. Dasypodidae (Xenarthra, Cingulata) de la Formación Cerro Azul (Mioceno tardío) de la provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. Ameghiniana 45. 289–302.
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• Zurita, A. E., and S. A. Aramayo. 2007. New remains of Eosclerocalyptus tapinocephalus (Cabrera) (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae): description and implications for its taxonomic status. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 113. 57–66.
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