Coaling tower

A coaling tower, coal stage or coaling station is a facility used to load coal as fuel into railway steam locomotives. Coaling towers were often sited at motive power depots or locomotive maintenance shops.[1]

A steel coal tower at Grosmont Motive Power Depot, United Kingdom

Coaling towers were constructed of wood, steel-reinforced concrete, or steel. In almost all cases coaling stations used a gravity fed method, with one or more large storage bunkers for the coal elevated on columns above the railway tracks, from which the coal could be released to slide down a chute into the waiting locomotive's coal storage area. The method of lifting the bulk coal into the storage bin varied. The coal usually was dropped from a hopper car into a pit below tracks adjacent to the tower. From the pit a conveyor-type system used a chain of motor-driven buckets to raise the coal to the top of the tower where it would be dumped into the storage bin; a skip-hoist system lifted a single large bin for the same purpose.[2][3] Some facilities lifted entire railway coal trucks or wagons. Sanding pipes were often mounted on coaling towers to allow simultaneous replenishment of a locomotive's sand box.

As railroads transitioned from the use of steam locomotives to the use of diesel locomotives in the 1950s the need for coaling towers ended. Many reinforced concrete towers remain in place if they do not interfere with operations due to the high cost of demolition incurred with these massive structures.[1][4]

Existing Coaling Towers

The sortable tables below list existing steam locomotive coaling towers, coal stages, coal docks, coal chutes, and automatic loaders with the following information when known:

  1. Place name where the coaling tower is located.
  2. State, province, or county in which the coaling tower is located.
  3. Railroad for which the coaling tower was originally built.
  4. Year in which the coaling tower was built.
  5. Type of coaling station: tower or stage, chutes, dock, automatic loader.
  6. Capacity in tons of coal which the coaling tower was built to store.
  7. Builder or designer company.
  8. Remarks: whether the tower is adjacent to active tracks, name of the railroad yard, similar towers, number of tracks the tower was built to serve.
  9. Geographic coordinates.[5]

Australia
Place Name State Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
Caron[6] Western Australia Western Australian Government Railways 1931 Coal stage 29°34′54″S 116°19′04″E
Casino[7] New South Wales Coal stage Active tracks 28°51′14″S 153°02′23″E

Canada
Place Name Province Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
Aylmer Ontario Wabash Railroad c1939 Coaling tower Active tracks 42°46′49″N 80°59′46″W
Fire River Ontario Canadian National Railway Coaling tower Location and status uncertain, similar to Camak, Chaska, Hornepayne, Social Circle, Washago 48°46′05″N 83°35′57″W
Foleyet Ontario Canadian National Railway Coaling tower Active tracks 48°14′52″N 82°26′31″W
Hornepayne Ontario Canadian National Railway 1921 Coaling tower Active tracks, similar to Camak, Chaska, Fire River, Social Circle, Washago 49°13′14″N 84°46′28″W
South River Ontario Grand Trunk Railway Coaling tower Active tracks 45°50′41″N 79°22′30″W
Toronto Ontario Canadian Pacific Railway Coaling tower Moved to Toronto Railway Museum, Roundhouse Park 43°38′29″N 79°23′12″W
Washago Ontario Canadian National Railway 1936 Coaling tower Active tracks, similar to Camak, Chaska, Fire River, Hornepayne, Social Circle 44°44′46″N 79°20′04″W

Chile
Place Name Region Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
San Rosendo Bío Bío Region Ferrocarriles del Estado 1929 Coaling tower 450 37°15′55″S 72°43′32″W
Temuco Araucanía Region Ferrocarriles del Estado 1935 Coaling tower 3,000 es:Museo Nacional Ferroviario Pablo Neruda 38°43′41″S 72°34′14″W

Poland
Place Name Province Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
Gdynia, Grabowek Pomorskie Polskie Koleje Państwowe c1950 Coaling tower Ross & White Company Construction plans and mechanisms provided by UNRRA; similar to Kraków, Sullivan, Tarnowskie Gory, Warszawa 54°32′07″N 18°30′08″E
Kraków, Prokocim Małopolskie Polskie Koleje Państwowe c1950 Coaling tower Ross & White Company Construction plans and mechanisms provided by UNRRA; similar to Gdynia, Sullivan, Tarnowskie Gory, Warszawa 50°01′28″N 20°01′27″E
Tarnowskie Gory Śląskie Polskie Koleje Państwowe c1950 Coaling tower Ross & White Company Construction plans and mechanisms provided by UNRRA; similar to Gdynia, Kraków, Sullivan, Warszawa 50°28′06″N 18°52′53″E
Warszawa, Odolany Mazowieckie Polskie Koleje Państwowe 1951 Coaling tower Ross & White Company Construction plans and mechanisms provided by UNRRA; similar to Gdynia, Kraków, Sullivan, Tarnowskie Gory 52°13′00″N 20°55′32″E

South Africa
Place Name State Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
Beaconsfield Kimberley, Cape Provine Coaling ramp Active tracks 28°46′06″S 24°46′17″E
Voorbaai Coaling tower Active tracks 34°08′08″S 22°06′17″E

United Kingdom
Place Name County Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
Carnforth[8] Lancashire London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1939 Coaling tower 150 Active tracks, at Carnforth Motor Power Depot 54°07′47″N 2°46′23″W
Didcot Oxfordshire Great Western Railway 1932 Coaling stage Active tracks, at Didcot Railway Centre 51°36′45″N 1°14′38″W
Grosmont Yorkshire Coaling stage Steel tower, active tracks, North Yorkshire Moors Railway 54°25′57″N 0°43′30″W
Tyseley West Midlands Great Western Railway 1930s Coaling stage Active tracks plant disused, at Tyseley Locomotive Works 52°27′19″N 1°50′41″W

A coaling tower was formerly located in Immingham at the old Immingham TMD. The trackwork around the coal tower had been removed years before and the tower had not been used since 1966. Due to the condition of the tower (which was suffering from concrete cancer making it structurally unsafe), the tower was demolished in February 2018.[9]

United States
Place Name State Railroad Year Built Type Capacity (tons) Builder Remarks Coordinates
Flomaton Alabama Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1943 Coaling tower Active tracks, similar to Decatur and Oneonta 31°00′01″N 87°15′02″W
Montgomery[5][10] Alabama Western Railway of Alabama 1913 Coaling tower 600 Roberts & Schaefer Company Abandoned, Chester Yard 32°23′30″N 86°18′27″W
Opelika Alabama Western Railway of Alabama Coaling tower Active tracks 32°38′43″N 85°23′01″W
Union Springs Alabama Central of Georgia Railway 1925 Coaling tower Fairbanks-Morse Similar to Raymond 32°08′22″N 85°42′55″W
Osier Colorado Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad Coal dock Active track 37°00′50″N 106°20′10″W
Vance Junction Colorado Rio Grande Southern Railroad c1890 Coal chutes Historic restoration, wooden Burnett & Clifton 8-pocket automatic loader 37°56′14″N 107°53′57″W
New Haven Connecticut New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 1927 Coaling tower 2,400 Roberts & Schaefer Company Active yard, Cedar Hill Yard (CSX Transportation/Providence and Worcester Railroad), 5 tracks 41°19′25″N 72°53′39″W
Ivy City Washington, D.C. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Coaling tower Active yard, Ivy City Yard (Amtrak). Possibly B&O Railroad steam-heating plant coal supply for Ivy City Yard buildings, not for locomotives. 38°54′50″N 76°59′50″W
Wilmington Delaware Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad (Pennsylvania Railroad) 1919 Coaling tower 1,200 Roberts & Schaefer Company Active yard, Edgemoor Yard (Norfolk Southern Railway), similar to Newport News 39°44′32″N 75°31′29″W
Camak Georgia Georgia Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks, similar to Chaska, Fire River, Hornepayne, Social Circle, Washago 33°27′05″N 82°39′02″W
Macon Georgia Central of Georgia Railway Coaling tower 32°49′31″N 83°37′38″W
Newnan[5] Georgia Atlanta and West Point Railroad 1913 Coaling tower 600 Roberts & Schaefer Active tracks 33°22′11″N 84°47′49″W
Raymond Georgia Central of Georgia Railway 1926 Coaling tower 150 Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks, similar to Union Springs 33°20′24″N 84°42′59″W
Sardis Georgia Savannah and Atlanta Railway Coaling tower 32°58′30″N 81°45′22″W
Social Circle Georgia Georgia Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks, similar to Camak, Chaska, Fire River, Hornepayne, Washago 33°39′13″N 83°43′01″W
Glenns Ferry Idaho Union Pacific Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 42°57′10″N 115°18′02″W
Bluford Illinois Illinois Central Railroad c1925 Coaling tower 38°18′58″N 88°43′43″W
Carbondale Illinois Wabash Railroad c1913 Coaling tower Active tracks, triple towers 37°44′23″N 89°13′04″W
Centralia Illinois Illinois Central Railroad 1912 Coaling tower Active tracks 38°29′52″N 89°08′47″W
Decatur Illinois Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Coaling tower Active yard, Decatur Yard (Norfolk Southern Railway), similar to Flomaton, Oneonta 39°50′54″N 88°56′31″W
DeKalb Illinois Chicago and North Western Railway Coaling tower Active tracks 41°55′40″N 88°44′00″W
Freeport Illinois Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower 42°17′48″N 89°36′32″W
Gilman Illinois Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks, Double towers 40°47′15″N 87°59′23″W
Nelson Illinois Chicago and North Western Railway 1947 Coaling tower 300 Ross & White Company Active tracks 41°47′59″N 89°35′49″W
Reevesville Illinois Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 37°20′45″N 88°43′04″W
Frankfort[2] Indiana New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate) Coaling tower Active tracks 40°16′56″N 86°31′30″W
Lafayette Indiana Monon Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 40°26′28″N 86°52′49″W
Michigan City Indiana New York Central Railroad Coaling tower 250 Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 41°43′33″N 86°52′31″W
Sullivan[11] Indiana Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad 1941 Coaling tower 500 Ross & White Company Active tracks 39°06′53″N 87°24′19″W
Council Bluffs Iowa Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower Active yard, Council Bluffs Yard (Iowa Interstate Railroad) 41°16′27″N 95°51′50″W
Great Bend Kansas Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1928 Coaling tower 300 Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 38°21′19″N 98°46′12″W
Central City Kentucky Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower 37°17′35″N 87°07′06″W
Dawson Springs[2] Kentucky Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks, Double towers 37°09′54″N 87°40′41″W
Irvington Kentucky Louisville and Nashville Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 37°52′54″N 86°16′53″W
Lebanon Junction Kentucky Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1914 Coaling tower Active tracks 37°49′54″N 85°44′02″W
Lexington[12] Kentucky Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Coaling tower 300 Netherland Yard, now a cement plant 38°02′21″N 84°28′23″W
Owensboro Kentucky Illinois Central Railroad Coaling tower 100 Howlett Construction Active tracks 37°46′18″N 87°05′03″W
Derby[13] Maine Bangor and Aroostook Railroad Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 45°13′55″N 68°58′00″W
Millinocket[13] Maine Bangor and Aroostook Railroad Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 45°40′03″N 68°42′44″W
Northern Maine Junction[13] Maine Bangor and Aroostook Railroad Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 44°47′24″N 68°51′40″W
Northern Maine Junction[13] Maine Maine Central Railroad Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 44°47′26″N 68°51′39″W
Oakfield[13] Maine Bangor and Aroostook Railroad 1933 Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 46°06′15″N 68°08′56″W
Lees Maryland Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Coaling tower Overturned off the right-of-way, legs removed 39°15′22″N 76°46′43″W
Chester Massachusetts Boston and Albany Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 42°17′14″N 72°58′56″W
Augusta[2][3] Michigan Michigan Central Railroad 1923 Coaling tower 500 Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks, 4 tracks 42°19′18″N 85°22′10″W
Baldwin Michigan Pere Marquette Railway c1936 Coaling tower 250 Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks 43°53′49″N 85°51′46″W
Clarendon Michigan Michigan Central Railroad 1929 Coaling tower 42°07′52″N 84°50′47″W
Detroit Michigan New York Central Railroad Coaling tower Active yard, Livernois Yard (CSX Transportation/Norfolk Southern Railway) 42°19′17″N 83°07′19″W
Durand Michigan Grand Trunk Western Railroad 1886 Coaling tower Active tracks 42°54′56″N 83°59′52″W
Escanaba Michigan Chicago and North Western Railway Coaling tower 45°44′57″N 87°03′36″W
Grand Haven Michigan Grand Trunk Western Railroad 1925 Coaling tower Chinook Pier Park 43°04′04″N 86°13′49″W
Greenfield Village Michigan Weiser Railroad 2014 Coaling tower 50 Wooden, museum display, at The Henry Ford 42°18′26″N 83°13′46″W
Lake Station Michigan Pere Marquette Railway Coaling tower 250 Pere Marquette Rail-Trail 43°51′06″N 85°00′04″W
Lansing Michigan Grand Trunk Western Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks, 4 tracks 42°43′09″N 84°31′14″W
Ludington Michigan Pere Marquette Railway Coaling tower 500 Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks 43°56′55″N 86°25′53″W
New Buffalo Michigan Pere Marquette Railway 1921 Coaling tower 250 Roberts & Schaefer 41°47′07″N 86°44′33″W
New Buffalo Michigan Pere Marquette Railway 1942 Coaling tower 300 Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks, 2 tracks 41°47′12″N 86°44′32″W
Pontiac Michigan Grand Trunk Western Railroad Coaling tower 42°39′15″N 83°18′58″W
Saint Paul Minnesota Northern Pacific Railway Coaling tower Northern Pacific Railway Company Como Shops Historic District 44°58′21″N 93°09′15″W
Lambert Mississippi Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 34°11′53″N 90°16′57″W
McComb Mississippi Illinois Central Railroad 1912 Coaling tower Active tracks 31°14′46″N 90°27′04″W
Marceline Missouri Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Coaling tower Active track 39°42′29″N 92°57′19″W
Ely[14] Nevada Nevada Northern Railway 1917 Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Active tracks, Nevada Northern Railway Museum 39°15′36″N 114°52′11″W
Chama[15] New Mexico Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad 1924 Coaling tower 75 Wooden, active tracks, Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad 36°54′15″N 106°34′40″W
East Syracuse New York (state) New York Central Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 43°03′45″N 76°04′17″W
Malone New York (state) New York Central Railroad Coaling tower Abandoned 44°51′54″N 74°16′37″W
Oneonta New York (state) Delaware and Hudson Railway Coaling tower Abandoned, similar to Decatur, Flomaton 42°26′53″N 75°05′14″W
West Seneca New York (state) Pennsylvania Railroad 1890s Coaling tower 42°50′56″N 78°45′45″W
Akron Junction[2] Ohio Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Coaling tower 41°05′14″N 81°29′14″W
Girard Ohio Pennsylvania Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 41°09′01″N 80°42′18″W
Harvey (Marion)[2] Ohio Pennsylvania Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 40°38′44″N 83°06′16″W
Springfield Ohio Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 39°54′19″N 83°46′04″W
Bartlesville Oklahoma Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad 1926 Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 36°44′44″N 95°59′09″W
Cushing Oklahoma Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1917 Coaling tower United States Railroad Administration design Same design at Skedee 35°58′34″N 96°46′30″W
Muskogee Oklahoma Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway Coaling tower 35°45′54″N 95°22′05″W
Oakland (Susquehanna) Pennsylvania Erie Railroad Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks 41°56′38″N 75°37′34″W
Pittston Pennsylvania Lehigh Valley Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 41°21′16″N 75°48′09″W
Red Bank Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Railroad Coaling tower 40°59′07″N 79°33′17″W
Renovo Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Railroad Coaling tower 41°19′36″N 77°45′39″W
Rockhill Furnace (Orbisonia) Pennsylvania East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company Coal chutes 40°14′15″N 77°53′59″W
Chaska Tennessee Louisville and Nashville Railroad Coaling tower Active track, similar to Camak, Fire River, Hornepayne, Social Circle, Washago 36°31′42″N 84°04′36″W
Leadvale (Rankin)[16] Tennessee Southern Railway 1925 Coaling tower Roberts & Schaefer Company Leadvale Coaling Station and Cut-off 36°04′45″N 83°14′23″W
Monterey Tennessee Tennessee Central Railway Automatic loader Fairbanks-Morse Concrete column only 36°08′44″N 85°16′02″W
Paris Tennessee Louisville and Nashville Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 36°17′57″N 88°20′19″W
Balcony Falls[2][12] Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1942 Coaling tower 300 Ogle Engineering Company Active track, 2 tracks, similar to Charlottesville, West Hamlin 37°37′37″N 79°27′28″W
Charlottesville[12] Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1942 Coaling tower 300 Ogle Engineering Company Active track, similar to Balcony Falls, West Hamlin 38°01′39″N 78°28′21″W
Clifton Forge[4][17] Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1922 Coaling tower 800 Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks 37°48′40″N 79°49′56″W
Gladstone[2][12] Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Coaling tower 300 Fanning-Schuett Active track, 1 track 37°32′52″N 78°51′12″W
Lynchburg[12] Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1948 Coaling tower 75(100) Ogle Engineering Company Active tracks, last coaling tower built by C&O 37°23′55″N 79°07′18″W
Miller's Yard Virginia Clinchfield Railroad Coaling tower 36°51′46″N 82°24′39″W
Newport News[11][12] Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Coaling tower 300 Roberts & Schaefer Company Similar to Wilmington 36°59′17″N 76°25′47″W
Orange Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Automatic loader Fairbanks-Morse Active track, Washington Subdivision 38°13′37″N 78°06′55″W
Vicker Virginia Norfolk and Western Railway Coaling tower Active tracks 37°09′47″N 80°29′26″W
Bluefield[2][11] West Virginia Norfolk and Western Railway 1952 Coaling tower 2,000 Ogle Engineering Company Active yard, Bluefield Yard (Norfolk Southern Railway) 37°16′17″N 81°13′14″W
Cane Fork (Eskdale)[12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1935 Coaling tower 50 Ogle Engineering Company Abandoned 38°05′42″N 81°26′30″W
Cowen West Virginia Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Coaling tower Active tracks 38°25′12″N 80°32′56″W
Elk Run Junction (Whitesville)[12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Coaling tower 500 Active tracks 38°00′14″N 81°33′05″W
Farm (Capels, Welch)[2] West Virginia Norfolk and Western Railway Coaling tower Active tracks 37°26′56″N 81°36′11″W
Handley[12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1919 Coaling tower 500 Roberts & Schaefer Active tracks 38°11′07″N 81°21′25″W
Hinton[2][12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1929 Coaling tower 800 Fairbanks-Morse Four tracks 37°40′42″N 80°53′02″W
Iaeger West Virginia Norfolk and Western Railway 1956 Coaling tower 200 Active tracks, Auville Yard, the last coaling tower constructed 37°27′33″N 81°49′03″W
Prichard[2] West Virginia Norfolk and Western Railway 1925 Coaling tower 2,000 Roberts & Schaefer Company Active tracks, six tracks 38°14′12″N 82°36′28″W
Raleigh (Glen Morgan, Beckley) West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Coaling tower 300 Active tracks 37°45′31″N 81°09′41″W
Ronceverte, West Virginia[2][12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1935 Coaling tower 75 Ogle Engineering Company Active tracks, one track 37°44′56″N 80°27′43″W
Thurmond[2][4][11][12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1922 Coaling tower 500 Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks, four tracks 37°57′36″N 81°04′54″W
West Hamlin[2][12] West Virginia Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Coaling tower 300 Ogle Engineering Company Active track, one track, similar to Balcony Falls, Charlottesville 38°17′23″N 82°11′36″W
Adams Wisconsin Chicago and North Western Railway Coaling tower 43°57′10″N 89°49′18″W
Ashland Wisconsin Chicago and North Western Railway 1944 Coaling tower 150 Ogle 46°35′50″N 90°51′10″W
Clyman Junction Wisconsin Chicago and North Western Railway Coaling tower Active track, two tracks, one remains 43°19′25″N 88°42′56″W
Dalton Wisconsin 1943 Automatic loader Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks, two concrete columns remain (demolished prior to Aug 2016) 43°39′20″N 89°12′30″W
Marinette Wisconsin Chicago and North Western Railway Automatic loader Fairbanks-Morse Active tracks 45°05′31″N 87°38′34″W
Montfort Wisconsin Chicago and North Western Railway Coaling tower Abandoned 42°57′49″N 90°24′31″W
  • Hornepayne, Ontario
  • Toronto, Ontario
  • Temuco, Chile
  • Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
  • SAR Class 25NC 3437 (4-8-4) at the coal stage at Beaconsfield, South Africa
  • Carnforth, United Kingdom
  • Didcot, United Kingdom
  • Immingham, United Kingdom
  • Cedar Hill Yard, Connecticut
  • Camak, Georgia
  • Macon, Georgia
  • Social Circle, Georgia
  • Chama, New Mexico
  • Bluefield, West Virginia
  • Hinton, West Virginia
  • Thurmond, West Virginia
  • Mescal, Arizona (demolished)
  • Locomotive 2576 over ash pit at the roundhouse and coaling station at the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad yards, Chicago, Illinois (demolished)
  • Lordsburg, New Mexico (demolished)
  • Collinwood Yard, Cleveland, Ohio (demolished)
  • Michigan City, Indiana
  • Grand Trunk Western coaling tower, Grand Haven, Michigan
  • Locomotive coaling trestle, Beacon Park Yard, Boston, Massachusetts, circa 1900

See also

References
  1. "Coal facility". Archived from the original on September 29, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  2. Dixon, Thomas W., Jr. (2002). Steam Locomotive Coaling Stations and Diesel Locomotive Fueling Facilities. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1883089778.
  3. Locomotive Coaling Stations: Yard Storage Systems, Cinder Conveyers, Sand Plants; Bulletin No. 73001. Reprint by TLC Publishing, Sterling, VA: Fairbanks, Morse & Co. 1935. pp. 4–5.
  4. Railway Age. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company. 1922-01-01.
  5. Railway Age Gazette, volume 53, number 5. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company. 1912-08-02. p. 228.
  6. Basic Principles for Local Government Inventories, State Heritage Office, Government of Western Australia|website=www.cambridge.wa.gov.au|access-date=2019-04-25}}
  7. "Casino Railway Precinct and Locomotive Depot | NSW Environment & Heritage". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
  8. Historic England. "Carnforth: the coaling plant (1078213)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  9. https://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk/7488/december-2018/ Railway Magazine article on Immingham coal tower
  10. Dubin, Elisabeth (1999). "Coaling Tower Elevations - Western Railway of Alabama Montgomery Rail Shops, 701 North Perry Street, Montgomery, Montgomery County, AL; HAER AL-186 (sheet 14 of 14)". Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  11. Brouws, Jeff (August 2016). "Coaling towers: enduring monoliths from the steam era". Trains. 76 (8): 34–41.
  12. Dixon, Thomas W., Jr. (2014). Chesapeake & Ohio Coaling Stations. Clifton Forge, Virginia: Chesapeake & Ohio Historical Society. ISBN 9780939487660.
  13. "Stalking Coaling Towers in Maine | Trains Magazine". Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  14. Railway Age Gazette, Volume 61, Number 14. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company. 1916-10-06. p. 618.
  15. "Tipple". www.sandiasoftware.com. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
  16. "State of Tennessee Newsroom". www.tn.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
  17. Railway Maintenance Engineer, Volume 18, Number 8. 1922-08-01. p. 294.
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