Culex modestus

Culex modestus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Culicidae
Genus:	Culex
Subgenus:	Barraudius
Species:	Cx. modestus
Binomial name
	Culex modestus; Ficalbi, 1889.[1]

Culex modestus (no common name) is a species of blood-feeding mosquito of the family Culicidae. It has been experimentally demonstrated to be capable of transmitting West Nile virus (WNV),[2] and its habit of feeding aggressively on both birds and humans gives it significant potential for transmission of zoonotic infections from birds to humans. It is believed to be the principle bridge vector of WNV between birds and humans in southern France and is thought to have played a role in WNV transmission in the Danube delta, Caspian and Azov sea deltas, and the Volga region in Russia.[3] It has also been implicated in Tahyna virus and Lednice virus transmission in France and Slovakia, respectively.[3]

Distribution

Cx. modestus has been found to occur in the following countries: Algeria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,[4] Tajikistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.[5] It was recently rediscovered in the United Kingdom, where larval surveys in 2010 and 2011 identified populations in a small area of southeast England.[3][6] A significant number of Culex modestus specimens was found in 2018 in Leningrad region of Russia, in which only occasional findings were known earlier.[7]

Ecology

Cx. modestus larvae live in fresh to slightly saline water in irrigation channels, marshes, and rice fields.[8] Adult Cx. modestus females feed on blood of vertebrates, especially birds, horses, and humans; males feed on nectar.[9]

References

Ficalbi, Eugenio (1889). "Notizie preventive sulle zanzare Italiane. IV. Nota preventiva (1) Descrizione di una specie nuova. Zanzara di colorito modesto, Culex modestus, n.sp". Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. XXI: 93–94.
Balenghien T, Vazeille M, Reiter P, Schaffner F, Zeller H, Bicout DJ (June 2007). "Evidence of laboratory vector competence of Culex modestus for West Nile virus". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 (2): 233–6. doi:10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[233:eolvco]2.0.co;2. PMID 17847861.
Golding N, Nunn MA, Medlock JM, Purse BV, Vaux AG, Schafer SM (2012). "West Nile virus vector Culex modestus established in southern England". Parasites & Vectors. 5 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-32. PMC 3295653. PMID 22316288.
Found in southern Sweden in 2016 by the State Authority for Veterinary Medicin, press release (Swedish) at http://www.sva.se/om-sva/pressrum/nyheter-fran-sva/nilfebersmyggan-upptackt-i-skane, accessed Aug 8 2016
"Culicidae » Culicinae » Culicini » Culex » Barraudius » modestus Ficalbi". Systematic Catalog of Culicidae. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.
Rackley, Adele (9 February 2012). "Disease-spreading mosquito found in UK after 60 years". Planet Earth Online. UK Natural Environment Research Council.
Razygraev, A. V.; Khalin, A. V.; Aibulatov, S. V.; Pechnikova, N. A. (1 August 2019). "Diagnostic Characters of Mosquito Thoracic Pleurites: Geographic Variability of the Number of Setae in Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi) and Culex modestus Ficalbi (Diptera, Culicidae)". Entomological Review. 99 (5): 621–627. doi:10.1134/S0013873819050051. ISSN 1555-6689.
Becker, N.; Petric, D.; Zgomba, M.; Boase, C.; Madon, M.; Dahl, C.; Kaiser, A. (2010). Mosquitoes and Their Control (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 267. ISBN 978-3-540-92873-7.
Balenghien T, Fouque F, Sabatier P, Bicout DJ (September 2006). "Horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a West Nile virus focus of southern France". Journal of Medical Entomology. 43 (5): 936–46. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[936:hbahba]2.0.co;2. PMID 17017231.

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[EF1889-1] Ficalbi, Eugenio (1889). "Notizie preventive sulle zanzare Italiane. IV. Nota preventiva (1) Descrizione di una specie nuova. Zanzara di colorito modesto, Culex modestus, n.sp". Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. XXI: 93–94.

[Bea2007-2] Balenghien T, Vazeille M, Reiter P, Schaffner F, Zeller H, Bicout DJ (June 2007). "Evidence of laboratory vector competence of Culex modestus for West Nile virus". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 (2): 233–6. doi:10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[233:eolvco]2.0.co;2. PMID 17847861.

[Gea2012-3] Golding N, Nunn MA, Medlock JM, Purse BV, Vaux AG, Schafer SM (2012). "West Nile virus vector Culex modestus established in southern England". Parasites & Vectors. 5 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-32. PMC 3295653. PMID 22316288.

[4] Found in southern Sweden in 2016 by the State Authority for Veterinary Medicin, press release (Swedish) at http://www.sva.se/om-sva/pressrum/nyheter-fran-sva/nilfebersmyggan-upptackt-i-skane, accessed Aug 8 2016

[WRBU-5] "Culicidae » Culicinae » Culicini » Culex » Barraudius » modestus Ficalbi". Systematic Catalog of Culicidae. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.

[AR-6] Rackley, Adele (9 February 2012). "Disease-spreading mosquito found in UK after 60 years". Planet Earth Online. UK Natural Environment Research Council.

[7] Razygraev, A. V.; Khalin, A. V.; Aibulatov, S. V.; Pechnikova, N. A. (1 August 2019). "Diagnostic Characters of Mosquito Thoracic Pleurites: Geographic Variability of the Number of Setae in Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi) and Culex modestus Ficalbi (Diptera, Culicidae)". Entomological Review. 99 (5): 621–627. doi:10.1134/S0013873819050051. ISSN 1555-6689.

[Beckeretal2010-8] Becker, N.; Petric, D.; Zgomba, M.; Boase, C.; Madon, M.; Dahl, C.; Kaiser, A. (2010). Mosquitoes and Their Control (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 267. ISBN 978-3-540-92873-7.

[Bea2006-9] Balenghien T, Fouque F, Sabatier P, Bicout DJ (September 2006). "Horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a West Nile virus focus of southern France". Journal of Medical Entomology. 43 (5): 936–46. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[936:hbahba]2.0.co;2. PMID 17017231.