D'Orbigny's slider

D'Orbigny's slider
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Emydidae
Genus:	Trachemys
Species:	T. dorbigni
Binomial name
	Trachemys dorbigni; (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835)
Subspecies
	Trachemys dorbigni brasiliensis; Trachemys dorbigni dorbigni;
Synonyms[1]
	Emys dorbigni Duméril & Bibron, 1835; Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) orbignyi Fitzinger, 1835; Emys dorbignii Gray, 1844 (ex errore); Emys orbignyi d'Orbignyi & Bibron, 1847; Clemmys dorbignii Strauch, 1862; Clemmys dorbignyi Boulenger, 1886; Chrysemys dorbignyi Boulenger, 1889; Emys dorbignyi Siebenrock, 1909; Pseudemys dorbigni Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934; Chrysemys (Trachemys) dorbigni McDowell, 1964; Pseudemys dorbignyi Pritchard, 1967; Pseudemys dorbignyi brasiliensis Freiberg, 1969; Pseudemys dorbignyi dorbignyi Freiberg, 1969; Pseudemys scripta dorbigni Moll & Legler, 1971; Pseudemys dorbigni brasiliensis Wermuth & Mertens, 1977; Pseudemys dorbigni dorbigni Wermuth & Mertens, 1977; Pseudemys dorbigny Moll, 1979 (ex errore); Pseudemys scripta dorbignyi Pritchard, 1979; Pseudemys scripta brasiliensis Smith & Smith, 1980; Chrysemys scripta dorbignyi Mittermeier, Medem & Rhodin, 1980; Chrysemys dorbigni brasiliensis Freiberg, 1981; Chrysemys dorbigni dorbigni Freiberg, 1981; Chrysemys scripta brasiliensis Obst, 1983; Chrysemys scripta dorbigni Obst, 1983; Trachemys scripta brasiliensis Iverson, 1985; Trachemys scripta dorbigni Iverson, 1985; Trachemys scripta dorbignyi Waller & Chebez, 1987; Trachemys dorbignyi Alderton, 1988; Trachemys dorbigni Waller, 1988; Trachemys dorbigni brasiliensis Ernst & Barbour, 1989; Trachemys dorbigni dorbigni Ernst & Barbour, 1989; Trachemys dorbignii brasiliensis Bour, 2003; Trachemys dorbignii dorbignii Bour, 2003; Trachemys dorbigny Fabius, 2004;

D'Orbigny's slider or the black-bellied slider (Trachemys dorbigni), commonly known in Brazil as tartaruga-tigre or tartaruga-tigre-d'água (which mean "tiger turtle" and "water tiger turtle" in Portuguese), is a species of water turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is found in southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and Uruguay.[2] Two subspecies (in addition to the nominate subspecies) are recognized as being valid, Trachemys dorbigni adiutrix and Trachemys dorbigni brasiliensis.[3]

Etymology

The specific name, dorbigni, is in honor of French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny.[4]

Description

The form of the plastron determines its gender. After a few years of life, show differences between male and female. Males have a penis that is inserted into the tail. It becomes apparent only during the mating season when it is inserted into the female's cloaca.[5] D'Orbigny's slider has a life span between 30[6] to 100 years in captivity.

They are usually found in water bodies such as lakes, marshes, streams and rivers. They have a preference for waters with low or moderate currents, soft bottoms and abundant aquatic vegetation.[5]

Babies are born weighing 11 grams (0.39 oz) with a 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) carapace. The average growth rate is about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) per year on wild, but in captivity it can grow faster being able to grow over 9 centimetres (3.5 in) in a year. The females can grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) carapace and weight over 2.7 kilograms (6.0 lb),[7] while the male can only grow 25 centimetres (9.8 in) carapace. When the males reach sexual maturity (after 2 years), they acquire a dark color while the females keep the same green after maturity (at 5 years).[5]

Sexual dimorphism

The sex identification is only possible when adult, at 5 or 6 years. The female is bigger and may reach 30 centimetres (12 in) in length and has the bottom of the shell (plastron) slightly convex so as to provide more space for eggs. The male reaches 20 centimetres (7.9 in)to 25 centimetres (9.8 in)and has a longer and bulky tail, furthermore, the male bottom of the shell is straight or slightly concave to fit better upon females.

The male's cloaca is located 2/3 the distance between the tail beginning and the shell, while the female is very close to the shell.[5]

Reproduction

Females produce an average of 10 eggs per buried nest; usually they bury two nests per season. Incubation ranges from 2 to 4 months. The eggs are laid under approximately 10 centimetres (3.9 in) of sand. The eggs are white-colored. Each egg on average measures 39.3 millimetres (1.55 in) in length and 25.8 millimetres (1.02 in) in width, weighing on average 14.9 grams (0.53 oz).[5]

Only 31% of the female population lays egg each year.[5]

The sex of baby turtles is determined by the temperature of the sand during incubation, lower temperatures increase the number of females.

Diseases

Baby D'Orbigny slider with pneumonia

The turtles are susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia, dystocia, bone decalcification, vitamin deficiency, gastroenteritis, and prolapses.

Pet owners must avoid using small objects as decoration in their tank, because they tend to eat everything they can. Such small objects, such as pebbles and plastic decorations, may lead to gut impaction, which is very likely to require surgical intervention.

Despite being very hardy, they may have rachitis, a disease that makes the shell soft due to protein deficiency. It may be corrected by adding protein to meals, especially through fish.

Placing turtles in abrasive surfaces can also cause plastron injuries, which provide an entrance point to fungi and bacteria.

Allowing the animal to maintain its temperature around an optimal point (between 28 and 34 degrees Celsius) is a necessity. Providing the turtles with daily sun light or special UV light so that they can properly metabolize vitamin D will avoid metabolic issues. [6]

Diet

These omnivorous turtles can eat almost anything in nature shrimps, vegetables, fruit, carrion, small fishes, snails, worms, etc.

During the first two years of life these turtles are mainly carnivorous, eating small animals and carrion, but then they switch to being mainly vegetarian eating more vegetables and algae then meat.

Diet in captivity

For pet keepers it is recommended that you feed them more than once every day in the first two-years, then shift to feeding once every two days. [6]

Protection

D' Orbigny's slider in Uruguay

Brazil

This species can be owned only with specific documentation. The purchase invoice must contain the popular and scientific name, and designate the number of animals. Also required is a certificate of origin, invoice number and the number of commercial breeding of wildlife as recorded in the Brazilian IBAMA.

It is forbidden to release the animals in nature and is subject to the penalties provided in the law No. 6.938/81[8] and No. 9.605/98.[9]

If the owner can no longer keep it, the store that made the sale is obliged to take the animal back, the animal will be shipped back to the only farm allowed to breed them in Brazil.

Uruguay

In Uruguay turtles can only be owned with specific documentation and as they are a protected species commercialization is forbidden.

References

Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Ernst, Carl Henry; Altenburg, R.G.M.; Barbour, Roger W. Turtles of the World. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Trachemys dorbigni at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 29 June 2013.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Trachemys dorbigni, p. 195).
Bager, Alex. "Aspectos da biologia e ecologia da Tartaruga Tigre D'Agua, Trachemys dorbigni, (Testudines - Emydidae) no extremo sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil". lume. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
"Cuidados Tigre d'água". Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
"Dimensão". Romanetto. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
"Lei 6.938/81" (PDF). Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
"Crimes Ambientais". Presidência da República Casa Civil - Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Archived from the original on 2015-02-12. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

Bibliography

Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Paul van Dijk, Peter; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). "Turtles of the World 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Conservation Status" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2010-12-15.

Data related to Trachemys dorbigni at Wikispecies

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[Fritz2007-1] Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

[ernst1-2] Ernst, Carl Henry; Altenburg, R.G.M.; Barbour, Roger W. Turtles of the World. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

[3] Trachemys dorbigni at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 29 June 2013.

[4] Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Trachemys dorbigni, p. 195).

[bager-5] Bager, Alex. "Aspectos da biologia e ecologia da Tartaruga Tigre D'Agua, Trachemys dorbigni, (Testudines - Emydidae) no extremo sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil". lume. Retrieved 5 November 2015.

[romanetto-6] "Cuidados Tigre d'água". Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.

[Romanetto2-7] "Dimensão". Romanetto. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.

[6.938/81-8] "Lei 6.938/81" (PDF). Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

[9.605/98-9] "Crimes Ambientais". Presidência da República Casa Civil - Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Archived from the original on 2015-02-12. Retrieved 9 November 2015.