Del Rio, Texas

Del Rio is a city and the county seat of Val Verde County[3] in southwestern Texas, United States. The city is 152 miles west of San Antonio. Located within six miles of its namesake the Rio Grande, Del Rio is connected to Ciudad Acuña by the Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing and Del Río – Ciudad Acuña International Bridge. As of 2010, Del Rio had a population of 35,591.[4] It is also home to Laughlin Air Force Base, the busiest pilot-training base in the United States Air Force.

Del Rio, Texas
City
City of Del Rio
Flag
Location of Del Rio, Texas
Coordinates: 29.364°N 100.900°W / 29.364; -100.900
Country United States
State Texas
CountyVal Verde
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager
 • MayorBruno "Ralphy" Lozano
 • City ManagerMatt Wojnowski
Area
 • Total20.51 sq mi (53.12 km2)
 • Land20.44 sq mi (52.94 km2)
 • Water0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total35,591
 • Estimate 
(2019)[2]
35,760
 • Density1,749.60/sq mi (675.53/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CST)
ZIP code
78840-78843, 78847
Area code830
FIPS code48-19792
WebsiteCityOfDelRio.com
Main Street, circa 1910-1930
City Hall
Civic Center
Whitehead Memorial Museum
Casa De La Cultura
Mural Near Casa De La Cultura

History

The Spanish established a small settlement south of the Rio Grande in present-day Mexico, and some Spaniards settled on what became the United States side of the Rio Grande as early as the 18th century. Paula Losoya Taylor built the first hacienda in the area in 1862.[5] U.S. development on the north shore of the Rio Grande did not begin until after the American Civil War.

The San Felipe Springs, about 8 mi (13 km) east of the Rio Grande on the U.S. side of the border, produces 90×10^6 US gal (340,000 m3) of water a day. Developers acquired several thousand acres of land adjacent to the springs, and to San Felipe Creek formed by the springs, from the state of Texas in exchange for building a canal system to irrigate the area. The developers sold tracts of land surrounding the canals to recover their investment and show a profit. The initial investors (William C. Adams, John P. Grove, Donald Jackson, John Perry, Joseph Ney, Randolph Pafford, A. O. Strickland, and James H Taylor) formed the San Felipe Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Irrigation Company in 1868. The organization completed construction of a network of irrigation canals in 1871. Residents referred to the slowly developing town as San Felipe Del Rio because local lore said the name came from early Spanish explorers who offered a mass at the site on St. Philip's Day, 1635.

In 1883, local residents requested a post office be established. The United States Postal Department shortened "San Felipe del Rio" to "Del Rio" to avoid confusion with San Felipe de Austin. In 1885, Val Verde County was organized and Del Rio became the county seat. The City of Del Rio was incorporated on November 15, 1911.

The San Felipe community was started by the Arteaga family. Arteaga Street and Arteaga Park are named after them.

Many historical artifacts from Del Rio, particularly from the 19th century, are preserved at the Whitehead Memorial Museum downtown.

In 1930, the League of United Latin American Citizens brought a law suit against the school district, as it favored white American children and discriminated against Mexican Americans. The lawsuit came to known as Del Rio ISD v. Salvatierra.

Del Rio is known as the American address of legendary Mexican radio stations XERA and XERF just over the U.S.-Mexico border in Ciudad Acuña; their 250,000-watt signals could be heard at night as far away as Canada. Legendary deejay Wolfman Jack operated XERF in the 1960s, using a Del Rio address to sell various products advertised on the station.[6]

Laughlin Air Force Base
Main article: Laughlin Air Force Base

In 1942, the Army Air Corps opened Laughlin Field 9 mi (14 km) east of Del Rio, as a training base for the Martin B-26, but the base was deactivated in 1945. As the Cold War pressures built, along with new border-control issues, Laughlin Field was rebuilt and renamed Laughlin Air Force Base and was again used as a home for flight training. Laughlin plays a large part in the Del Rio community as the area's largest employer.

Geography
Val Verde Winery

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 52.3 km2 (20.2 sq mi), of which 52.2 km2 (20.2 sq mi) are land and 0.1 km2 (0.039 sq mi), or 0.24%, is covered by water.[7]

Del Rio lies on the northwestern edges of the Tamaulipan mezquital, also called the South Texas brush country. It is also near the southwestern corner of the Edwards Plateau, which is the western fringe of the famous, oak savanna-covered Texas Hill Country; that area is dotted with numerous small springs; one of these is the San Felipe Springs, which provides a constant flow of water to San Felipe Creek. The creek supplied fresh water for drinking and irrigation to early settlers of Del Rio, and the springs are still the town's water supply.

The Del Rio region, west to about the Pecos River, has a mix of desert shrub and steppe vegetation, depending on soil type, with the gray-leafed cenizo (Leucophyllum spp.), several different acacias, cactuses, and grama grasses dominant members of local flora. The terrain is mostly level, but some areas are dissected with substantial canyons and drainages, though none of the upland areas is high or large enough to be considered a mountain.

Climate

The climate is semiarid in moisture and subtropical in temperature. Humidity is more often high than low, with periodic morning fog due to Gulf air masses moving northwest into the area. This gives Del Rio and adjacent areas the effect of being in a coastal dryland area, though the Gulf of Mexico is over 300 mi (480 km) away. Such humid periods alternate with periods of hot and dry desert air masses in the spring and fall, or cold and dry Great Plains air masses during winter. Moisture rarely lasts long enough for weather systems to react with it to create much precipitation, as happens more frequently to the north and east of the area; some exceptions occur during some autumn (tropical weather systems) and spring (stalled fronts to the north).

During the spring season, as well occasionally during the fall season, severe thunderstorms often build on the Serranias Del Burro to the distant west of Del Rio. This is believed to occur due to the uplift of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico which is channeled along the Rio Grande River.[8] In the event of an strong mid-to-upper troposphere trough positioned over the Desert Southwest, these severe thunderstorms can migrate off the higher terrain of the mountains and across the Rio Grande into the Ciudad Acuña and Del Rio area and cause significant damage when they impact populated areas. One of these storms caused several deaths in Ciudad Acuña on May 25, 2015, when a tornado destroyed several structures in the town. Del Rio itself was largely spared, but saw a massive hailstorm the following year on February 22, 2016, causing widespread damage, especially to Laughlin AFB. In April 2020, Del Rio was impacted by another hail storm resulting in several observations of up to 4-inch diameter hail stones, and two weeks later, was blasted by damaging winds recorded at 77 mph (124 km/h). Both storms inflicted widespread damage across the city. Despite this, most of the severe storms across the region impact rural areas with little to no population and are routinely unreported.

The Dry Line is often noticed near the Del Rio area during volatile weather seasons, and can lend additional support to severe weather activity in the region.

Summers are long, hot, and frequently humid; winters vary between sunny, warm, cloudy, and cool weather, depending on the wind direction and jet stream location. Snow or freezing rain is rare, once about every 7–10 years, and such wintry precipitation does not last long enough to be of consequence. The coldest temperature recorded in Del Rio is 5 °F (−15.0 °C) on December 23, 1989, and the average window for freezing temperatures is December 2 to February 20. The most snowfall in a month is 9.8 in (0.25 m) in January 1985, and that total is also the highest for any entire season.

Since records began in 1905, the wettest calendar year has been 1914 with 37.75 in (958.8 mm) and the driest 1956 with only 4.34 in (110.2 mm). The wettest single month has been August 1998 with 20.93 inches, of which a record 17.03 in (432.6 mm) fell on August 23 associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Charley and brought widespread flooding through the city. This almost doubled the previous record daily rainfall of 8.79 inches (223.3 mm) on June 13, 1935. The most days during a month with at least 0.01 in (0.3 mm) of rainfall has been 19 in May 2015. Typically, 41 days receive at least 0.04 in (1 mm) of rainfall, 13 days with at least 0.4 in (10 mm), and five with rainfall totaling at least 1.0 in (25 mm). During the winter from November to March, long periods normally pass with negligible rainfall: between October 1917 and March 1918, only 0.19 in (4.8 mm) of rain fell in 6 months and not one single day recorded as much as 0.04 in (1 mm).

Del Rio is home to a radiosonde launching site at Del Rio International Airport, where twice-daily weather balloons are launched to take atmospheric readings - once at 1200 UTC and once at 0000 UTC. An automated weather balloon launcher, controlled remotely by the National Weather Service replaced the federally contracted employees in early 2020. An automated surface weather-observing system is also positioned at the airport, and records the official climate data for Del Rio. The National Weather Service office in New Braunfels, Texas, is responsible for the forecasting and warning of weather events in the Del Rio area, but this jurisdictional boundary does not extend across the border into Mexico.


Climate data for Del Rio International Airport, Texas (1981–2010 normals,[lower-alpha 1] extremes 1905–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 92
(33)		 99
(37)		 103
(39)		 107
(42)		 109
(43)		 112
(44)		 112
(44)		 109
(43)		 110
(43)		 106
(41)		 96
(36)		 91
(33)		 112
(44)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 80.3
(26.8)		 85.7
(29.8)		 91.0
(32.8)		 97.0
(36.1)		 100.7
(38.2)		 102.3
(39.1)		 102.9
(39.4)		 103.1
(39.5)		 99.1
(37.3)		 93.9
(34.4)		 85.5
(29.7)		 79.9
(26.6)		 105.8
(41.0)
Average high °F (°C) 63.8
(17.7)		 68.6
(20.3)		 76.2
(24.6)		 83.6
(28.7)		 89.8
(32.1)		 94.7
(34.8)		 96.6
(35.9)		 97.1
(36.2)		 90.8
(32.7)		 82.4
(28.0)		 72.0
(22.2)		 64.0
(17.8)		 81.7
(27.6)
Average low °F (°C) 40.6
(4.8)		 45.0
(7.2)		 52.1
(11.2)		 59.6
(15.3)		 67.9
(19.9)		 73.4
(23.0)		 75.2
(24.0)		 75.3
(24.1)		 69.8
(21.0)		 61.0
(16.1)		 49.6
(9.8)		 40.8
(4.9)		 59.2
(15.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 26.2
(−3.2)		 29.2
(−1.6)		 34.4
(1.3)		 43.7
(6.5)		 55.8
(13.2)		 65.8
(18.8)		 69.6
(20.9)		 69.8
(21.0)		 56.7
(13.7)		 44.1
(6.7)		 33.2
(0.7)		 25.9
(−3.4)		 22.5
(−5.3)
Record low °F (°C) 12
(−11)		 11
(−12)		 19
(−7)		 33
(1)		 45
(7)		 49
(9)		 63
(17)		 60
(16)		 43
(6)		 28
(−2)		 17
(−8)		 10
(−12)		 10
(−12)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.72
(18)		 0.88
(22)		 1.14
(29)		 1.65
(42)		 2.81
(71)		 2.35
(60)		 1.78
(45)		 2.18
(55)		 2.20
(56)		 2.23
(57)		 0.93
(24)		 0.65
(17)		 19.52
(496)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.2
(3.0)		 trace 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1.2
(3.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.4 5.1 5.4 5.2 6.7 5.7 4.2 4.0 5.3 5.8 4.4 4.9 61.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6
Source: NOAA[9][10]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
188050—
18901,9803,860.0%
19002,0986.0%
19105,688171.1%
192010,58986.2%
193011,69310.4%
194013,34314.1%
195014,2116.5%
196018,61231.0%
197021,33014.6%
198030,03440.8%
199030,7052.2%
200033,86710.3%
201035,5915.1%
2019 (est.)35,760[2]0.5%
U.S. Decennial Census

As of the census[11] of 2000, 33,867 people, 10,778 households, and 8,514 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,194.0 people per square mile (846.9/km2). The 11,895 housing units averaged a density of 770.6 per square mile (297.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 73.05% White, 7.21% African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 17.79% from other races, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 81.04% of the population.

Of the 10,778 households, 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were not families. About 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.56.

In the city, the population was distributed as 31.7% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,387, and for a family was $30,788. Males had a median income of $27,255 versus $17,460 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,199. About 22.9% of families and 27.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.8% of those under age 18 and 26.4% of those age 65 or over.

Micropolitan area
Amistad Lake
Brown Plaza in Del Rio is named for its donor, George Washington Brown (1836–1918), both a county and district clerk originally from North Carolina. The plaza was restored in 1969.
Guadalupe Church - San Felipe
Paul Poag Theatre
Multipurpose Facility

Del Rio is the principal city of the Del Rio micropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Val Verde County;[12] the micropolitan area had an estimated population over 50,000 in 2007.[13] Located across from Del Rio, in the Mexican state of Coahuila, is the city of Ciudad Acuña, with a city population of 201,161.

Parks and recreation

Lake Amistad provides year-round, water-based recreation opportunities, including boating, fishing, swimming, scuba diving, and water skiing, as well as other recreational opportunities for picnicking, camping, and hunting. The area is rich in archaeology and rock art, and contains a wide variety of plant and animal life. Del Rio is home to the George Paul Memorial Bullriding, which is the oldest stand-alone bull-riding event in the world.[14]


Education

The city is served by the San Felipe Del Rio Consolidated Independent School District. About 10,450 students are enrolled and 637 teachers are employed at 14 campuses throughout the district. Del Rio is also home to Del Rio Heritage Academy High School, a public charter school.[15]

Higher education
  • Southwest Texas Junior College- Del Rio (a 2-year community college)[16]
  • Rio Grande College Del Rio (a 4-year university)[17]
  • Park University- Laughlin AFB (a 4-year university)[18]

Media

The Del Rio News-Herald, a daily newspaper published in Del Rio, covering Val Verde County, is owned by Southern Newspapers Inc.[19] The newspaper has a daily circulation of 10,400 and a Sunday circulation of 13,500.[20] Multiple radio stations are licensed to the area in and around Del Rio, and more have been built in recent years. In 2014, KVFE, a Christian station owned by Inspiracom, was launched to fill one of the ministry's remaining gaps on the US–Mexico border.[21] In 2016, Texas Public Radio opened a transmitter in Del Rio.[22]

Infrastructure
Lions Park
Kress Building

Transportation

Del Rio International Airport serves the city but currently has no commercial air service.

Bus service to Del Rio is provided by Greyhound Bus Lines.

Amtrak provides passenger rail service to Del Rio station through its combined Sunset Limited/Texas Eagle service. Trains serve the station thrice-weekly in each direction, with direct service to Los Angeles, San Antonio, New Orleans, Chicago, and points in between.

Major highways

Government

Federal representation
Pecan Street Station
Falcon Art Gallery

The United States Border Patrol sector headquarters is located at 2401 Dodson Ave.

The United States Postal Service operates two post office facilities in the Del Rio area: the Downtown Post Office (Broadway Street) and Northside Post Office (Bedell Avenue); the Laughlin Post Office (Laughlin AFB) closed because of budget cuts.[23][24]

A federal court building operates across from the downtown post office.

Val Verde Correctional Facility
Main article: Val Verde Correctional Facility

The GEO Group, a private correctional facility corporation based in Boca Raton, Florida, manages the Val Verde Correctional Facility in Del Rio. It has a contract to house offenders for the county, for the U.S. Marshals Service (male/female) prisoners, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection detainees. The facility opened in 2001 with 688 beds. In 2007, the facility was expanded to its current capacity of 1,400 beds. It is one of the major employers in the Del Rio area and meets standards required by state and federal guidelines.

State agencies

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Del Rio Parole Office in Del Rio.[25]

Notable people

Del Rio in film, television, and music

In the episode "The Young Gun" (February 7, 1958) of the CBS Western television series Trackdown, starring Robert Culp as the Texas Ranger Hoby Gilman, the Ranger travels to Del Rio to investigate a bank robbery and goes undercover to gain inside information to solve the case. He tricks one of the robbers into leading him to the other gang members.[27]

Singer-songwriter Russell Christian has a song entitled "Stuck in Del Rio", inspired by a friend who lived in Del Rio. It has been covered by other artists, including Joey Hines, and is considered his signature song.

The 1994 motion picture Texas, based on the James A. Michener novel Texas,[28] was partly filmed in Del Rio. The movie, which took place in the beginning of the 19th century, as many Anglo Americans were settling in the Mexican province of Texas, featured Randy Travis and Anthony Michael Hall.

Del Rio features prominently (though scenes were shot elsewhere) in No Country for Old Men, the 2007 neo-Western thriller film directed, written, and edited by Joel and Ethan Coen, based on the Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name.

Other presentations with a Del Rio setting include:

  • 1951 Arrowhead – Charlton Heston
  • 1955 The Last Command – Ernest Borgnine
  • 1958 Five Bold Women – Irish McCalla
  • 1960 John Wayne's The Alamo
  • 1960 The Spirit of the Alamo (TV) – NBC
  • 1960 The Roy Rogers Show (TV)
  • 1961 John Ford's – Two Rode Together – Jimmy Stewart
  • 1966 Top Hand (TV)
  • 1967 Aye, That Pancho Villa (TV)
  • 1967 Bandolero – Dean Martin
  • 1968 Children's West (Lon Chaney, Jr.) (TV)
  • 1973 A Death in Tombstone
  • 1974 The Sugarland Express – Goldie Hawn
  • 1974 The Texas Ballad (KLRN-TV)
  • 1978 Adventures of Jody Shanan
  • 1983 Call to Glory – Craig T. Nelson, Elisabeth Shue (TV)
  • 1986 Houston: The Legend of Texas (TV) – Sam Elliott
  • 1986 The Alamo – Thirteen Days To Glory (TV) – Alec Baldwin
  • 1986 No Safe Haven – Wings Hauser
  • 1987 Alamo: Price of Freedom – Caser Biggs
  • 1988 Lonesome Dove (TV) – Robert Duvall
  • 1989 Gunsmoke – The Last Apache (TV) – James Arness
  • 1991 JCV Japanese Quiz Show (TV)
  • 1991 American Movie Classics (TV) – Bob Dorian
  • 1992 Rio Diablo (TV) – Travis Tritt
  • 1992 Travis Smith (direct to video)
  • 1993 Bad Girls – Madeleine Stowe
  • 1993 Like Water for Chocolate
  • 1993 El Mariachi, Robert Rodriguez
  • 1994 8 Seconds – Luke Perry
  • 1994 Gambler V: Playing for Keeps (TV) – Kenny Rogers
  • 1994 James A. Michener's Texas (TV) – John Schneider as Davy Crockett
  • 1995 Good Old Boys (TV) – Sam Shepard
  • 1995 Streets of Laredo (TV) – James Garner
  • 1995 A&E History Channel's The Alamo (TV)
  • 1995 Discovery Channel's – The Battes of the Alamo (TV)
  • 1995 PBS – Ken Burns The West (TV)
  • 1995 A&E Biography – Davy Crockett: American Frontier Legend (TV)
  • 1995 The Learning Channel's – Famous Battles – Alamo Segment (TV)
  • 1995 Discovery Channel's – Buffalo Soldiers (TV)
  • 1995 Desperado, Robert Rodriguez, Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek
  • 1996 From Dusk till Dawn is a 1996 action/horror film directed by Robert Rodriguez and written by Quentin Tarantino. The movie stars George Clooney, Harvey Keitel, Quentin Tarantino, Juliette Lewis, and Cheech Marin.
  • 1996 Once Upon a Time In China and America – Sammo Hung
  • 1996 Lone Star – by director John Sayles
  • 1999 Alamo... The New Defenders (direct to video)
  • 1999 The Bullfighter – Domenica Scorsese
  • 1999 The History Channel's – Haunted San Antonio (TV)
  • 2000 Jericho Mark Valley – Leon Coffee – Buck Taylor
  • 2001 The History Channel's History vs Hollywood (TV)
  • 2002 Westown Sturghill Productions
  • 2004 Bandido, Carlos Gallardo, Scott Duncan
  • 2006 Blue Eyes – Walker Cable Productions
  • 2006 Mexican Gold – Walker Cable Productions
  • 2007 The Man Who Came Back – Walker Cable Productions – Eric Braden – Billy Zane
  • 2007 Friend of The Devil (TV Pilot)
  • 2007 No Country for Old Men
  • 2009 Not Forgotten

Music videos
  • 1995 Brooks and Dunn – "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone"
  • 1995 Tim McGraw - "Refried Dreams"
  • 1996 Gary Hobbs – "Corazon de la Ardiente"
  • 1996 La Tropa – "The Sheriff"
  • 1996 Los Palominos
  • 1999 Shade of Red – "Revolution"

Notes
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.


References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  4. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Del Rio city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  5. Zumwalt, Glenda (4 July 1977). "Earl Del Rioans Fought to Survive". Del Rio News Herald. Retrieved 29 June 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. Wolfman Jack (1995). Have Mercy. Warner Books.
  7. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Del Rio city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  8. Edwards, Roger. "SUPERCELLS OF THE SERRANIAS DEL BURRO (MEXICO)" (PDF).
  9. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  10. "Station Name: TX DEL RIO INTL AP". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  11. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  12. Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses Archived 2008-11-17 at the Wayback Machine, Office of Management and Budget, 2007-11-20. Accessed 2008-12-10.
  13. "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (CBSA-EST2006-01)". 2006 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2007-04-05. Archived from the original (CSV) on September 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  14. George Paul Memorial Bullriding. Retrieved: May 13, 2011.
  15. Education Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine – Del Rio Chamber of Commerce
  16. Del Rio campus Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – Southwest Texas Junior College
  17. Rio Grande College – Sul Ross State University
  18. Park University, Laughlin Campus Center
  19. "Del Rio News-Herald". Del Rio News-Herald. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  20. "Southern Newspapers". Southern Newspapers. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  21. "KVFE-FM launches in Texas". RBR. February 19, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  22. "Texas Public Radio Expands To Del Rio". Texas Public Radio. May 5, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  23. "Post Office Location – PECAN Archived June 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  24. "Post Office Location – DEL RIO Archived June 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  25. "Parole Division Region IV Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  26. Diane Telgen (1993). Notable Hispanic American Women. VNR AG. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-0-8103-7578-9.
  27. Billy Hathorn, "Roy Bean, Temple Houston, Bill Longley, Ranald Mackenzie, Buffalo Bill, Jr., and the Texas Rangers: Depictions of West Texans in Series Television, 1955 to 1967", West Texas Historical Review, Vol. 89 (2013), p. 106
  28. Texas. – Internet Movie Database.
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