Dimethyl trisulfide

Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest organic trisulfide.[2][3] It is a flammable liquid with a foul odor, which is detectable at levels as low as 1 part per trillion.[4]

Dimethyl trisulfide
Names
IUPAC name
dimethyltrisulfane[1]
Other names
2,3,4-trithiapentane
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.020.828
UNII
Properties
C2H6S3
Molar mass 126.26 g/mol
Density 1.1978 g/cm3
Melting point −68.05 °C (−90.49 °F; 205.10 K)
Boiling point 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K) (65–68 °C @ 25 Torr)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Occurrence

Dimethyl trisulfide has been found in volatiles emitted from cooked onion, leek and other Allium species, from broccoli and cabbage, as well as from Limburger cheese,[5] and is involved in the unpalatable aroma of aged beer and stale Japanese sake.[6] It is a decomposition product of bacterial decomposition, including the early stages of human decomposition,[7] and is a major attractant for blowflies looking for hosts. Dimethyl trisulfide along with dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide have been confirmed as volatile compounds given off by the fly-attracting plant known as dead-horse arum (Helicodiceros muscivorus). These flies are attracted to the odor of fetid meat and help pollinate this plant.[8] DMTS contributes to the foul odor given off by the fungus Phallus impudicus, also known as the common stinkhorn. DMTS causes the characteristic malodorous smell of a fungating lesion, e.g., from cancer wounds,[4] and contributes to the odor of human feces.[9]

DMTS can be synthesized by the reaction of methanethiol with hydrogen sulfide (in the presence of copper (II))[10] and with sulfur dichloride,[11] among other methods:[3]

2 CH3SH + SCl2 → CH3SSSCH3 + 2 HCl

Chemical reactions

On heating at 80 °C, DMTS slowly decomposes to a mixture of dimethyl di-, tri-, and tetrasulfides.[11] The reactivity of DMTS is related to its weak sulfur-sulfur bond (ca. 45 kcal/mol).[2] Dimethyl tetrasulfide, which is thermally more reactive than dimethyl trisulfide, has a still weaker (central) sulfur-sulfur bond (ca. 36 kcal/mol).[11] Oxidation of DMTS by meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) gives the corresponding S-monoxide, CH3S(O)SSCH3.[12]

Uses

Trap baits containing dimethyl trisulfide have been used to capture Calliphora loewi and other blowflies.[13] Dimethyl trisulfide has been found to be an effective cyanide antidote in a rodent model for cyanide poisoning both against subcutaneous potassium cyanide and inhaled hydrogen cyanide, converting cyanide to much less toxic thiocyanate. It is suggested that dimethyl trisulfide can be used in a mass casualty cyanide exposure setting. In conjunction with these studies, the LD50 of dimethyl trisulfide in CD-1 mice was found to be 598.5 mg/kg, which may be compared to the LD50 of potassium cyanide of 8.0 mg/kg.[14]

References
  1. IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (2013). "P-68.4.1.1". In Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (eds.). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. IUPAC–RSC. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. Edward L. Clennan; Kristina L. Stensaas (1998). "Recent progress in the synthesis, properties and reactions of trisulfanes and their oxides". Organic Preparations and Procedures International. 30 (5): 551–600. doi:10.1080/00304949809355321.
  3. Ralf Steudel (2002). "The Chemistry of Organic Polysulfanes R−Sn−R (n > 2)". Chemical Reviews. 102 (11): 3905–3945. doi:10.1021/cr010127m.
  4. Shirasu, Mika; Nagai, Shunji; Hayashi, Ryuichi; Ochiai, Atsushi; Touhara, Kazushige (2009). "Dimethyl trisulfide as a characteristic odor associated with fungating cancer wounds". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 73 (9): 2117–20. doi:10.1271/bbb.90229. PMID 19734656.
  5. Thomas H. Parliament; Michael G. Kolor; Donald J. Rizzo (1982). "Volatile components of Limburger cheese". J. Agric. Food Chem. 30 (6): 1006–1008. doi:10.1021/jf00114a001.
  6. Atsuko Isogai; Ryoko Kanda; Yoshikazu Hiraga; Toshihide Nishimura; Hiroshi Iwata; Nami Goto-Yamamoto (2009). "Screening and Identification of Precursor Compounds of Dimethyl Trisulfide (DMTS) in Japanese Sake". J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (1): 189–195. doi:10.1021/jf802582p. PMID 19090758.
  7. M. Statheropoulosa; A. Agapioua; C. Spiliopoulou; G.C. Pallis; E. Sianos (2007). "Environmental aspects of VOCs evolved in the early stages of human decomposition". Science of the Total Environment. 385 (1–3): 221–227. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.003.
  8. Marcus C. Stensmyr; Isabella Urru; Ignazio Collu; Malin Celander; Bill S. Hansson; Anna-Maria Angioy (2002). "Rotting smell of dead-horse arum florets". Nature. 420 (6916): 625–626. doi:10.1038/420625a. PMID 12478279.
  9. J.G. Moore; L.D. Jessop; D.N. Osborne DN. (1987). "Gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric analysis of the odor of human feces". Gastroenterology. 93 (6): 1321–1329. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(87)90262-9. PMID 3678751.
  10. Mustapha Nedjma; Norbert Hoffmann (1996). "Hydrogen Sulfide Reactivity with Thiols in the Presence of Copper(II) in Hydroalcoholic Solutions or Cognac Brandies: Formation of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Dialkyl Trisulfides". J. Agric. Food Chem. 44 (12): 3935–3938. doi:10.1021/jf9602582.
  11. Timothy L. Pickering; K. J. Saunders; Arthur V. Tobolsky (1967). "Disproportionation of organic polysulfides". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (10): 2364–2367. doi:10.1021/ja00986a021.
  12. J. Auger; Y. Koussourakos; E. Thibout (1985). "Monooxidation of organic trisulfides". Chimika Chronika. 14 (4): 263–264.
  13. Nilssen Arne C.; Åge Tǿmmerås Bjǿrn; Schmid Rudolf; Barli Evensen Sissel (1996). "Dimethyl trisulphide is a strong attractant for some calliphorids and a muscid but not for the reindeer oestrids Hypoderma tarandi and Cephenemyia trompe". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 79 (2): 211–218. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00828.x. Archived from the original on 2012-12-17.
  14. DeLeon, SM; et al. (2018). "DMTS is an effective treatment in both inhalation and injection models for cyanide poisoning using unanesthetized mice". Clinical Toxicology. 56 (25): 332–341. doi:10.1080/15563650.2017.1376749. PMC 6322672. PMID 28922956.
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