Elater ferrugineus

Elater ferrugineus
	Elater ferrugineus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Elateridae
Genus:	Elater
Species:	E. ferrugineus
Binomial name
	Elater ferrugineus; Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
	Elater ferrugineus ferrugineus Linnaeus, 1758; Ludius ferrugineus (Linnaeus);

Elater ferrugineus, the rusty click beetle, is a species of click beetle belonging to the family Elateridae.

Varietas

Varietas include:[1]

Elater ferrugineus var. morio Schilsky, 1888
Elater ferrugineus var. occitanicus de Villers, 1789

Distribution

This species is widespread in the Western Palearctic realm.[2][3]

Description

Elater ferrugineus can reach a length of 17–24 millimetres (0.67–0.94 in).[2][4] This species is rather variable. Head is dark brown. Pronotum and elytra of males are usually bright orange or reddish, while females show a uniform dark brown color and are smaller than males. The legs are black. The antennae are mid-brown to black. In males they extend up to the posterior edge of the pronotum, while in females they are shorter.[4]

Biology

Larvae develop in hole of ancient trees of various species, mainly oak (Quercus robur),[5] ash (Fraxinus excelsior), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and elm (Ulmus spp.). The life cycle lasts 4–6 years.[6] Pupation occurs in spring.[4] These larvae are predatory. They especially prey on hermit beetle (Osmoderma eremita) and rose chafer (Cetonia aurata).[1]

When male E. ferrugineus are attracted to a female, they release compounds that attract other males to the site. These compounds include geranyl, nerylacetone and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one. Attraction of males only occurs in the presence of females, ensuring increased mating opportunities.[7]

References

Biolib
Elateridae - Click Beetles of the Palearctic Region
Fauna europaea
Elateridae of the British Isles
Ranius, Thomas (2011). "Predicting spatial occurrence of beetles and pseudoscorpions in hollow oaks in southeastern Sweden" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 20 (9): 2027–2040. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0072-6. S2CID 11409566.
Meržijevskis, Aleksandras; Tamutis, Vytautas (23 July 2012). "Elater ferrugineus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) – a new species for Lithuania". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 20 (4): 242–245. doi:10.2478/v10043-010-0036-1.
Harvey, Deborah J.; Harvey, Hannah; Harvey, Rachael P.; Kadej, Marcin; Hedenström, Erik; Gange, Alan C.; Finch, Paul; Didham, Raphael; Müller, Jörg (March 2017). "Use of novel attraction compounds increases monitoring success of a rare beetle, Elater Ferrugineus". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 10 (2): 161–170. doi:10.1111/icad.12214. S2CID 91035887.

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[Biolib-1] Biolib

[elat-2] Elateridae - Click Beetles of the Palearctic Region

[3] Fauna europaea

[Isles-4] Elateridae of the British Isles

[5] Ranius, Thomas (2011). "Predicting spatial occurrence of beetles and pseudoscorpions in hollow oaks in southeastern Sweden" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 20 (9): 2027–2040. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0072-6. S2CID 11409566.

[6] Meržijevskis, Aleksandras; Tamutis, Vytautas (23 July 2012). "Elater ferrugineus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) – a new species for Lithuania". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 20 (4): 242–245. doi:10.2478/v10043-010-0036-1.

[7] Harvey, Deborah J.; Harvey, Hannah; Harvey, Rachael P.; Kadej, Marcin; Hedenström, Erik; Gange, Alan C.; Finch, Paul; Didham, Raphael; Müller, Jörg (March 2017). "Use of novel attraction compounds increases monitoring success of a rare beetle, Elater Ferrugineus". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 10 (2): 161–170. doi:10.1111/icad.12214. S2CID 91035887.