FOIL method

In elementary algebra, FOIL is a mnemonic for the standard method of multiplying two binomials[1]—hence the method may be referred to as the FOIL method. The word FOIL is an acronym for the four terms of the product:

First ("first" terms of each binomial are multiplied together)
Outer ("outside" terms are multiplied—that is, the first term of the first binomial and the second term of the second)
Inner ("inside" terms are multiplied—second term of the first binomial and first term of the second)
Last ("last" terms of each binomial are multiplied)

A visual representation of the FOIL rule. Each colored line represents two terms that must be multiplied.

The general form is

(a+b)(c+d)=\underbrace {ac} _{\text{first}}+\underbrace {ad} _{\text{outside}}+\underbrace {bc} _{\text{inside}}+\underbrace {bd} _{\text{last}}.

Note that $a$ is both a "first" term and an "outer" term; $b$ is both a "last" and "inner" term, and so forth. The order of the four terms in the sum is not important and need not match the order of the letters in the word FOIL.

History

The FOIL method is a special case of a more general method for multiplying algebraic expressions using the distributive law. The word FOIL was originally intended solely as a mnemonic for high-school students learning algebra. The term appears in William Betz's 1929 text Algebra for Today, where he states:[2]

... first terms, outer terms, inner terms, last terms. (The rule stated above may also be remembered by the word FOIL, suggested by the first letters of the words first, outer, inner, last.)

William Betz was active in the mathematics reform movement in the United States at that time, had written many texts on elementary mathematics topics and had "devoted his life to the improvement of mathematics education".[3]

Many students and educators in the United States now use the word "FOIL" as a verb meaning "to expand the product of two binomials".[4]

Examples

The method is most commonly used to multiply linear binomials. For example,

{\begin{aligned}(x+3)(x+5)&=x\cdot x+x\cdot 5+3\cdot x+3\cdot 5\\&=x^{2}+5x+3x+15\\&=x^{2}+8x+15.\end{aligned}}

If either binomial involves subtraction, the corresponding terms must be negated. For example,

{\begin{aligned}(2x-3)(3x-4)&=(2x)(3x)+(2x)(-4)+(-3)(3x)+(-3)(-4)\\&=6x^{2}-8x-9x+12\\&=6x^{2}-17x+12.\end{aligned}}

The distributive law

The FOIL method is equivalent to a two-step process involving the distributive law:[5]

{\begin{aligned}(a+b)(c+d)&=a(c+d)+b(c+d)\\&=ac+ad+bc+bd.\end{aligned}}

In the first step, the ( $c + d$ ) is distributed over the addition in first binomial. In the second step, the distributive law is used to simplify each of the two terms. Note that this process involves a total of three applications of the distributive property. In contrast to the FOIL method, the method using distributive can be applied easily to products with more terms such as trinomials and higher.

Reverse FOIL

The FOIL rule converts a product of two binomials into a sum of four (or fewer, if like terms are then combined) monomials.[6] The reverse process is called factoring or factorization. In particular, if the proof above is read in reverse it illustrates the technique called factoring by grouping.

Table as an alternative to FOIL

A visual memory tool can replace the FOIL mnemonic for a pair of polynomials with any number of terms. Make a table with the terms of the first polynomial on the left edge and the terms of the second on the top edge, then fill in the table with products. The table equivalent to the FOIL rule looks like this:

{\begin{array}{c|cc}\times &c&d\\\hline a&ac&ad\\b&bc&bd\end{array}}

In the case that these are polynomials, $(ax + b)(cx + d)$ , the terms of a given degree are found by adding along the antidiagonals

{\begin{array}{c|cc}\times &cx&d\\\hline ax&acx^{2}&adx\\b&bcx&bd\end{array}}

so $(ax+b)(cx+d)=acx^{2}+(ad+bc)x+bd.$

To multiply $(a + b + c)(w + x + y + z)$ , the table would be as follows:

{\begin{array}{c|cccc}\times &w&x&y&z\\\hline a&aw&ax&ay&az\\b&bw&bx&by&bz\\c&cw&cx&cy&cz\end{array}}

The sum of the table entries is the product of the polynomials. Thus

{\begin{aligned}(a+b+c)(w+x+y+z)&=(aw+ax+ay+az)\\&+(bw+bx+by+bz)\\&+(cw+cx+cy+cz).\end{aligned}}

Similarly, to multiply $(ax 2 + bx + c)(dx 3 + ex 2 + fx + g)$ , one writes the same table

{\begin{array}{c|cccc}\times &d&e&f&g\\\hline a&ad&ae&af&ag\\b&bd&be&bf&bg\\c&cd&ce&cf&cg\end{array}}

and sums along antidiagonals:

{\begin{aligned}(ax^{2}&+bx+c)(dx^{3}+ex^{2}+fx+g)\\&=adx^{5}+(ae+bd)x^{4}+(af+be+cd)x^{3}+(ag+bf+ce)x^{2}+(bg+cf)x+cg.\end{aligned}}

Generalizations

The FOIL rule cannot be directly applied to expanding products with more than two multiplicands or multiplicands with more than two summands. However, applying the associative law and recursive foiling allows one to expand such products. For instance,

{\begin{aligned}(a+b+c+d)(x+y+z+w)&=((a+b)+(c+d))((x+y)+(z+w))\\&=(a+b)(x+y)+(a+b)(z+w)\\&+(c+d)(x+y)+(c+d)(z+w)\\&=ax+ay+bx+by+az+aw+bz+bw\\&+cx+cy+dx+dy+cz+cw+dz+dw.\end{aligned}}

Alternate methods based on distributing forgo the use of the FOIL rule, but may be easier to remember and apply. For example,

{\begin{aligned}(a+b+c+d)(x+y+z+w)&=(a+(b+c+d))(x+y+z+w)\\&=a(x+y+z+w)+(b+c+d)(x+y+z+w)\\&=a(x+y+z+w)+(b+(c+d))(x+y+z+w)\\&=a(x+y+z+w)+b(x+y+z+w)\\&\qquad +(c+d)(x+y+z+w)\\&=a(x+y+z+w)+b(x+y+z+w)\\&\qquad +c(x+y+z+w)+d(x+y+z+w)\\&=ax+ay+az+aw+bx+by+bz+bw\\&\qquad +cx+cy+cz+cw+dx+dy+dz+dw.\end{aligned}}

References

"Simplifying using the FOIL Method Lessons". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
Betz, William (1929), Algebra for Today (vol. 1), Ginn and Company, p. 291.
W. D. R. (November 1937), "Review of Algebra for Today : First Year", The Mathematics Teacher, National Council for the Teaching of Mathematics, 30 (7): 348.
McCrea, Emma (2019-05-01). Making Every Maths Lesson Count: Six principles to support great maths teaching (Making Every Lesson Count series). Crown House Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78583-421-9.
Khare, Apoorva; Lachowska, Anna (2015). Beautiful, Simple, Exact, Crazy: Mathematics in the Real World. Yale University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-300-19089-2. This is sometimes called the “FOIL” method – essentially, it is simply the distributive law applied twice.
Kirkland, Carla C.; Cleveland, Chan (2020-01-29). Praxis Core For Dummies with Online Practice Tests. John Wiley & Sons. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-119-62047-1. ...reverse FOIL can take you in the opposite direction from one expression to two-term expressions times each other. It's a form of factoring.