Fatema Mernissi

Fatema Mernissi (Arabic: فاطمة مرنيسي‎, romanized: Fāṭima Marnīsī; 27 September 1940 – 30 November 2015) was a Moroccan feminist writer and sociologist.

Fatema Mernissi
Fatema Mernissi (Erasmus Prize 2004)
Native name
فاطمة مرنيسي
Born(1940-09-27)27 September 1940
Fez, Morocco
Died30 November 2015(2015-11-30) (aged 75)
Rabat, Morocco
OccupationSociologist
NationalityMorocco
Alma materUniversity of Paris
Brandeis University
Literary movementFeminist
Notable awardsPrince of Asturias Award
Moroccan literature
Moroccan writers
  • Novelists
  • Playwrights
  • Poets
  • Essayists
  • Historians
  • Travel writers
  • Sufi writers
  • Moorish writers
Forms
  • Novel
  • Poetry
Criticism and awards
See also
  • Morocco Portal
  • Literature Portal

Biography

Fatema Mernissi was born on 27 September 1940 in Fez, Morocco. She grew up in the harem of her affluent paternal grandmother along with various female kin and servants.[1] She received her primary education in a school established by the nationalist movement, and secondary level education in an all-girls school funded by the French protectorate.[2] In 1957, she studied political science at the Sorbonne and at Brandeis University, gaining her doctorate there.[3] She returned to work at the Mohammed V University and taught at the Faculté des Lettres between 1974 and 1981 on subjects such as methodology, family sociology and psychosociology. Mernissi is known for her sociopolitical approaches towards discussing gender and sexual identities, specifically those of which are focused within Morocco.[4] She became known internationally mainly as an Islamic feminist.[5]

Mernissi was a lecturer at the Mohammed V University of Rabat and a research scholar at the University Institute for Scientific Research, in the same city.[6] Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society was written for her PhD thesis and later published into a book which recognizes the power of Muslim women in relation to the Islam faith.[7] She is seen as one of Morocco's influential feminist figures for she is a successful scholar, teacher, writer, and sociologist. She died in Rabat on 30 November 2015.[8]

Career

Mernissi's first monograph, Beyond the Veil, was published in 1975.[9] A revised edition was published in Britain in 1985 and in the US in 1987. Beyond the Veil has become a classic, especially in the fields of anthropology and sociology on women in the Arab World, the Mediterranean area or Muslim societies in general.

As an Islamic feminist, Mernissi was largely concerned with Islam and women's roles in it, analyzing the historical development of Islamic thought and its modern manifestation. Through a detailed investigation of the nature of the succession to Muhammad, she cast doubt on the validity of some of the hadith (sayings and traditions attributed to him), and therefore the subordination of women that she sees in Islam, but not necessarily in the Qur'an.[10]

She contributed the piece "The merchant's daughter and the son of the sultan" to the anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology (1984), edited by Robin Morgan.[11][12] Her most famous book, as an Islamic feminist, The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam, is a quasi-historical study of role of the wives of Muhammad. It was first published in French in 1987, and translated into English in 1991. The book was banned in Morocco, Iran, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[13]

As a sociologist, Mernissi mainly did field work in Morocco. On several occasions in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she conducted interviews in order to map prevailing attitudes to women and work. She did sociological research for UNESCO and ILO as well as for the Moroccan authorities.[14] In the same period, Mernissi contributed articles to periodicals and other publications on women in Morocco and women and Islam from a contemporary as well as from a historical perspective.

Her work has been cited as an inspiration by other Muslim feminists, such as those who founded Musawah.[15] For Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women (1991), she interviewed peasant women, women labourers, clairvoyants and maidservants. In 1994, Mernissi published a memoir, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (in the US, the book was originally titled The Harem Within: Tales of a Moroccan Girlhood, and is still known by that title in the UK).[16][17]

A recurring topic for multiple of her writings is Scheherazde and the digital sphere. Her article, The Satellite, the Prince, and Scheherazde: The Rise of Women as Communicators in Digital Islam explore cases in which women take part in online media outlets, while Digital Scheherazades in the Arab World covers the topics of online activities shifting cultural ways.[18][19] In her essay, she mentions how technology is quickly spreading – one of the main sources being the World Wide Web – and analyses the roles and contributions of women in this movement.[19]

She wrote extensively about life within harems, gender, and public and private spheres.[20] Size 6: The Western Women’s Harem, is an essay from her book, Scheherazade Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems and it discusses the repression and pressures women face merely based on their physical appearance.[21] Whether it is women being analyzed in Moroccan society or in the West, it seems that they must live up to stereotypical standards such as dress sizes. Mernissi compares the clothing size 6 to harems and states that these practices isolate and mistreat women.[21]

Awards and Legacy

Mernissi's works focus on providing a voice for the oppressed and marginalized women.[22] She brings to light the contributions of women to the economy and acknowledges the roles that affect how females are viewed within Islamic cultures.[22] Throughout her career Mernissi was an avid spokesperson regarding women's rights and equality while also embracing the Islamic faith.[22] She uses historical religious research to make claims for her modern feminist stances.[22]

In 2003, Mernissi was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award along with Susan Sontag.[23] Mernissi presented her speech, The Cowboy or Sinbad? covering the topic of globalization and was recognized for her pensive take considering both the issue and effects of the culture.[24] In 2004, she was awarded the Erasmus Prize, alongside Sadik Al-Asm and Abdolkarim Soroush.[25] She was recognized for her sociocultural impact since the award was dedicated to "Religion and Modernity".[26] In 2017, The Middle East Studies Association created the Fatima Mernissi Book Award in her honour to recognize women and gender studies.

Islamic Contributions to the Feminist Global Movement

Fatima Mernissi’s legacy can be greatly attributed to her scholarly and literary contributions to the early feminist movement. Mernissi tackles issues such as Eurocentrism, intersectionality, transnationalism and global Feminism within her renowned publications, including: Beyond the Veil, The Forgotten Queens of Islam, Women’s Rebellion & Islamic Memory, and Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World.

Beyond the Veil and Ethnocentrism

In 1975, Fatima Mernissi’s first book, Beyond the Veil, was published, and it was revolutionary.[27] Mernissi broke down the ethnocentric stereotypes Western society had developed towards Islam, especially Muslim women. She distinguished Muslim women from the homogenized group of ‘third- world women’ that Western feminism had created. Mernissi also fought to overcome Western assumptions that Muslim women were helpless victims of both their religion and the men of their religion. Western stereotypes ostracized Muslim men who did not fit the white, masculine, hegemonic mold dominating the first world society, developing racist ideas towards a religion that was believed to oppress women.

However, Mernissi pointed out that Muslim women were not victims of their religious practices any more than Western women were victims of the patriarchy; both groups of women were oppressed by specific social institutions within a religion or society created to profit off of the marginalization of others. Furthermore, Mernissi explained that Western women were veiled, just as Muslim women were, yet Western veils were much more discreet.[28] She argued that youth and beauty veiled Western women, and once a woman no longer had these, she was hardly recognized by society.

Mernissi broke down the ethnocentric approach Western Feminism had been utilizing and wrote to bring more clarity to the diversity necessary within the global Feminine movement. Mernissi’s legacy is revolutionary because she created a space within an initially predominantly Western movement that allowed Muslim women to participate without compromising their religious practices. Mernissi’s work highlighted how Western feminism could be detrimental to the empowerment of women around the globe if it lacked an intersectional approach to women’s issues.

The Forgotten Queens of Islam and Intersectionality

In the book The Forgotten Queens of Islam, Fatima Mernissi uses an intersectional approach to understand the positions of women throughout early Islamic history through social and political identities that created modes of discrimination. Her aim was to bring to light the significant contributions that women had throughout early Islamic history and debunk the misconceptions about the absence of women as political and authoritative figures. She does this by exploring the leadership roles that women were involved in throughout Islamic history and alters the way women are portrayed in historiographies. She claims that women held powerful political positions despite religious titles that were given to men.[29] This is exemplified through the many historical accounts that she provides about fifteen women and the active roles that they played in pre-modern Islam politics.

For instance, the role that female slaves played in leading slave revolts against religious rulers without the use of violence (Mernissi, 1994). Moreover, Mernissi distinguishes between “Political Islam,” the period where radical change occurred and women’s roles were disregarded or forgotten, and “Rislala Islam,” where women’s lives were transformed (Mernissi, 1994). She was fundamental in contributing to the overall academic literature on women’s visibility in Islamic history outside of their traditional roles by highlighting their involvement in politics, religion, and cultural change.

Women’s Rebellion & Islamic Memory and Gender Roles

In the book Women’s Rebellion & Islamic Memory, Fatima Mernissi analyzes the role of women in relation to the world of contemporary Islam. In her work, she explores the idea of sexual identity and gender roles in the Islamic world and helps to redefine the narrative surrounding it. Mernissi discusses some of the most prominent issues to do with the status of Muslim women, such as the masking of women’s contribution to the economies of Arab states (Mernissi, 1996). Furthermore, Mernissi delves into different demographic, including education and literacy. She uses this to help explain the importance of these factors not only for the empowerment of women in Islam, but also for their health (Mernissi, 1996).

Furthermore, Mernissi analyzes the role of the state in gender roles as well as the outcome of a state that ultimately supports inequality (Mernissi, 1996). Mernissi ultimately argues that the freedom from these controlling traditions and expectations of women is the only way for the Arab world to develop. Mernissi’s work is extremely influential in Islamic feminism, intersectionality, and global feminism, by focusing on issues surrounding Muslim women in the Arab world. This book, in specific, was able to bring light to specific issues that women deal with in the Islamic world, such as issues of sexual identity and gender roles, and the effects this can take on women’s empowerment and health.

Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World

In her book, Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World, Fatima Mernissi employs a transnational approach to analyse the socio-political context of the Arab- Islamic world shortly after the Gulf war. She debates whether the established fundamentalism dominating the Middle East could ever be compatible with the democratic processes used in Western societies. Mernissi raises questions around the uncertainty Muslims feel towards a form of government that is “unislamic” and may compromise their Islamic way of life, including morals and values, such as modesty.[30] Moreover, she explores issues such as the fear of the Islamic religion, democracy, the United Nations Charter, freedom of thought and individualism (Mernissi, 2002).

For instance, she looked at how fundamentalism controlled what a woman would be able to wear, so a democratic society that freed women to dress as they pleased could appear threatening to a hyper-masculine culture. She contests that a living democracy should allow for the legal and constitutional ability to disagree with the state. Mernissi then suggests ways in which progressive Muslims, including feminists, who choose to advocate for democracy and resist fundamentalism should draw from the same sacred texts as those who seek to oppress them, in order to prove that Islam is not fundamentally against women.

Bibliography
  • 1975: Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Muslim Society. revised ed. 1985, 1987, reprinted London: Saqi Books. ISBN 0-86356-412-7
  • 1982: La femme dans l'inconscient musulman (in French). under the pseudonym Fatna Aït Sabbah. Albin Michel. 1986.CS1 maint: others (link)
  • 1983: Le Maroc raconté par ses femmes.
  • 1984: L’amour dans les pays musulmans
  • 1985: Femmes du Gharb
  • 1987: Le harem politique – Le Prophète et les femmes (trans. 1992: The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0201-63221-7)
  • 1988: Shahrazad n’est pas marocaine
  • 1990: Sultanes oubliées – Femmes chefs d’Etat en Islam (trans. 1993: Forgotten Queens of Islam)
  • 1992: La Peur-Modernité
  • 1993: Women’s Rebellion and Islamic Memory
  • 1994: The Harem Within (retitled. 1995: Dreams of Trespass – Tales of a Harem Girlhood New York: Perseus Books. ISBN 0-201-48937-6)
  • 1997: Les Aït-Débrouille
  • 1998: Etes-vous vacciné contre le Harem?
  • 2001: Scheherazade Goes West. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-7434-1243-5
  • 2002: Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-7382-0745-4
  • 2009: Les Femmes Du Maroc. Brooklyn: PowerHouse Books. ISBN 1-57687-491-5

Edited by Mernissi
  • 1989: Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

See also

References
  1. Fatima Mernissi obituary, The Guardian
  2. Mernissi, Fatima (1987). Beyond the veil: male-female dynamics in modern Muslim society. Indiana University Press. pp. 6.
  3. "Featured Alumni". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  4. "Mernissi, Fatima". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  5. "Mernissi, Fatima". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  6. "Muslim Women: Past and Present". Fatema Mernissi. WISE. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  7. "Beyond the Veil Male-Female Dynamics in a Muslim Society". Saqi. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  8. Fox, Margalit (9 December 2015). "Fatema Mernissi, a Founder of Islamic Feminism, Dies at 75". New York Times.
  9. Khaleeli, Homa. "Fatema Mernissi". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  10. "Mernissi, Fatima". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  11. "Table of Contents: Sisterhood is global". Catalog.vsc.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  12. Valentine M. Moghadam (2003). Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-1-58826-171-7.
  13. Evita Saraswati, Raquel (2014-10-16). "Fatima Mernissi: going beyond the veil to fight misogynist interpretations of Islam". Aquila Style. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
  14. "Notable Feminist Fatema Mernissi". Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  15. "Honouring Fatima Mernissi". Musawah: Equality in the Muslim Family. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
  16. Mernissi, Fatima (1994). The harem within (Bantam reprint. ed.). Toronto: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0553408140.
  17. Mernissi, Fatima (1995). Dreams of trespass : tales of a harem girlhood. Photographs by Ruth V. Ward (26. printing. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0201489378.
  18. Mernissi, Fatema (Spring–Summer 2004). "The Satellite, the Prince, and Scheherazade : The Rise of Women as Communicators in Digital Islam". Transnational Broadcasting Studies. 12.
  19. Mernissi, Fatema (March 2006). "Digital Scheherazades in the Arab World" (PDF). Current History: 121–126.
  20. "WISE". Fatema Mernissi. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  21. Mernissi, Fatema (2001). Scheherazade Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems. Washington Square Press. ISBN 0743412435.
  22. Ennaji-1 Sadiqi-2 Vintages-3, Moha-1 Fatima-2 Karen-3 (2016). Moroccan Feminisms: New Perspectives. Africa World Press. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-5690247-4-4.
  23. "Notable Feminist Fatema Mernissi, Susan Sontag - Literature 2003". Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  24. "FATEMA MERNISSI AND SUSAN SONTAG: PRINCE OF ASTURIAS AWARD FOR LITERATURE 2003". FUNDACIÓN PRINCESA DE ASTURIAS. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  25. "Former Laureates". Praemium Erasmianum. Archived from the original on 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
  26. Marseille, Alfred (November 2004). "Erasmus Prize awarded to Islamic thinkers". The Power of Culture. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  27. Khaleeli, H. (2011). Top 100 women: activists campaigners, Fatima
  28. Mernissi, F. (1975). Beyond the Veil: Male -Female Dynamics in a. Modern Muslim Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman Publishing Company.
  29. Mernissi, F. (1994). Hidden from history: the forgotten queens of Islam. Lahore, Pakistan: ASR Publications.
  30. Mernissi, F. (2002). Islam and democracy: fear of the modern world. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub.
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