Fearmongering

Fearmongering or scaremongering is a form of manipulation which causes fear by using exaggerated rumors of impending danger.[1]

"Fearmonger" and "Scare tactics" redirect here. For the Doctor Who drama, see The Fearmonger. For the TV show, see Scare Tactics.
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Theory

Humans have a strong impulse to pay attention to danger, according to evolutionary psychology, because awareness of dangers has been important for survival throughout our evolutionary history. This effect is amplified by cultural evolution when the news media cater to our appetite for news about dangers.[2]

The attention of citizens is a fiercely contested resource that news media, political campaigners, social reformers, advertisers, civil society organizations, missionaries, and cultural event makers are competing over, according to attention economy.[3]

Social agents of all kinds are often using fearmongering as a tactic in this competition for attention, as illustrated by the examples below.[2][4]

Fearmongering can have strong psychological effects, which may be intended or unintended. One hypothesized effect is mean world syndrome, where people perceive the world as more dangerous than it is.[5][6] Fearmongering can make people fear the wrong things and use an excessive amount of resources to avoid rare and unlikely dangers, while more probable dangers are ignored. For example, some parents have kept their children at home to prevent abduction while they paid less attention to more common dangers such as lifestyle diseases or traffic accidents.[7] Fearmongering can produce a rally around the flag effect, increasing support for the incumbent political leaders. For example, official warnings about the risk of terrorist attacks have led to increased support for the president of the USA.[8][9]

Collective fear is likely to produce an authoritarian mentality, desire for a strong leader, strict discipline, punitiveness, intolerance, xenophobia, and less democracy, according to regality theory. Historically, this effect has been exploited by political entrepreneurs in many countries for purposes such as increasing support for an authoritarian government, avoiding democratization, or preparing the population for war.[10]

Examples

Political campaign advertisements

One iconic example of fearmongering in American politics is the Daisy television commercial, an oft-referenced advertisement used during Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 presidential run. It begins with a little girl standing in a meadow with chirping birds, picking the petals of a daisy while counting each petal slowly. When she reaches "9", an ominous-sounding male voice is then heard counting down a missile launch, and as the girl's eyes turn toward something she sees in the sky, the camera zooms in until her pupil fills the screen, blacking it out. When the countdown reaches zero, the blackness is replaced by the flash and mushroom cloud of a nuclear explosion.

As the firestorm rages, a voice-over from president Johnson states, "These are the stakes! To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die". Another voice-over then says, "Vote for President Johnson on November 3. The stakes are too high for you to stay home".[11]

Mass media

Fierce economic competition is driving commercial mass media to rely extensively on scary stories and bad news in a competition that has been characterized as an emotional arms race.[12] Stories about crime, and especially violent crimes and crimes against children, figure prominently among newspaper headlines. An analysis of US newspapers has found that between 10 and 30 % of headlines involve crime and fear, with a tendency to a shift of focus from isolated crime events to more thematic articles about fear.[13] In the United Kingdom, the news media have routinely used a focus on gory sex crimes as a parameter of competition. The continued focus on emotionally touching sex crimes has had a strong influence on politics and legislation in the country.[14]

Product advertisements

Advertisers have also entered the arena with their discovery that "fear sells". Ad campaigns based on fear, sometimes referred to as shockvertising, have become increasingly popular in recent years. Fear is a strong emotion and it can be manipulated to persuade people into making emotional rather than reasoned choices. From car commercials that imply that having fewer airbags will cause the audience's family harm, to disinfectant commercials that show pathogenic bacteria lurking on every surface, fear-based advertising works.[15] While using fear in ads has generated some negative reactions by the public, there is evidence to show that "shockvertising" is a highly effective persuasion technique, and over the last several years, advertisers have continued to increase their usage of fear in ads in what has been called a "never-ending arms race in the advertising business".[16]

Author Ken Ring was accused of scaremongering by New Zealand politician Nick Smith. The Auckland seller of almanacs made predictions about earthquakes and weather patterns based on lunar cycles, and some of his predictions were taken seriously by some members of the public in connection with the 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand.[17]

Psychological warfare

Fearmongering is routinely used in psychological warfare for the purpose of influencing a target population. The tactics often involves defamation of an enemy by means of smear campaigns. False flag attacks have been used as a pretext for starting a war in many cases, including the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the Shelling of Mainila, and Operation Himmler.

Terrorism is also a kind of psychological warfare. It is creating violence and terror in order to get media attention or to scare an enemy.[18] [19]

A remarkable tactic is the so-called strategy of tension. This strategy is based on making violence and chaos in order to create political instability, to defame an opponent, to pave the way for a more authoritarian or fascist government, or to prevent the liberation of colonies. The strategy of tension is associated in particular with the widespread political violence in the so-called years of lead in the 1960's – 1980's in Italy. There were many terrorist attacks in the country in these years. Some of these attacks were committed by right-wing and neo-fascist groups, while other attacks were attributed to left-wing groups. Many of the apparent left-wing attacks were suspected or confirmed false flag attacks. The main purpose of the strategy of tension in Italy was to prevent the communist party from gaining power and to pave the way for a Neo-fascist government. Historians disagree about who were controlling the strategy of tension, but there is evidence that both national Neo-fascist groups and foreign powers were involved.[20] [21] [22] [10]

See also

References
  1. Oxford Living Dictionaries
  2. Shoemaker, Pamela J. (1996). "Hardwired for News: Using Biological and Cultural Evolution to Explain the Surveillance Function". Journal of Communication. 46 (3): 32-47. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x.
  3. Zhu, Jian-Hua (1992). "Issue competition and attention distraction: A zero-sum theory of agenda-setting". Journalism Quarterly. 69 (4): 825–836. doi:10.1177/107769909206900403. S2CID 144203162.
  4. Altheide, David L. (2014). Media Edge: Media Logic and Social Reality. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4331-2645-1.
  5. Gerbner, G (1980). "The "mainstreaming" of America: violence profile number 11". Journal of Communication. 30 (3): 10–29. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01987.x.
  6. Signorielli, N (1990). "Television's Mean and Dangerous World: A Continuation of the Cultural Indicators Perspective". In Signorielli, N; Morgan, M (eds.). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Sage. p. 85–106.
  7. Glassner, B (1999). The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things. Basic Books.
  8. Willer, R (2004). "The effects of government-issued terror warnings on presidential approval ratings". Current Research in Social Psychology. 10 (1): 1–12.
  9. Nacos, B. L. (2011). Selling Fear: Counterterrorism, the Media, and Public Opinion. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56719-8.
  10. Fog, A (2017). Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture. Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78374-405-3.
  11. "Classic Political Ad: Daisy Girl (1964)". Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  12. Fuller, J (2010). What is happening to news: The information explosion and the crisis in journalism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226005027.
  13. Altheide, D. L. (2002). Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis. Aldine de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1138521438.
  14. Greer, C (2003). Sex Crime and the Media: Sex Offending and the Press in a Divided Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-1843920045.
  15. Nedra Weinreich (3 June 2006). "Making Fear-Based Campaigns Work". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  16. Barbara Righton (December 18, 2006). "Fear Advertising". Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  17. "'Reckless' quake claims not helping, says Smith". ONE News. 20 March 2011.
  18. Weimann, G; Winn, C (1994). The theater of terror: Mass media and international terrorism. Longman.
  19. Altheide, D. L. (2006). Terrorism and the Politics of Fear. AltaMira Press.
  20. Ferraresi, F (1996). Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy after the War. Princeton University Press.
  21. Cento Bull, A (2007). Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation. Berghahn Books.
  22. Willan, P (1991). Puppetmasters: The Political use of Terrorism in Italy. Authors Choice Press.
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