Fort Robinson

Fort Robinson is a former U.S. Army fort and now a major feature of Fort Robinson State Park, a 22,000-acre (8,900 ha) public recreation and historic preservation area located 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Crawford on U.S. Route 20 in the Pine Ridge region of northwest Nebraska.

Fort Robinson State Park
Post headquarters at Fort Robinson
Location in Nebraska
Location in the United States
LocationDawes County & Sioux County, Nebraska, United States
Nearest cityCrawford, Nebraska
Coordinates42°40′02″N 103°27′56″W[1]
Area22,332.72 acres (90.3773 km2)[2]
Elevation3,806 ft (1,160 m)[1]
DesignationNebraska state park
Established1956[3]
AdministratorNebraska Game and Parks Commission, History Nebraska
Websiteoutdoornebraska.gov/fortrobinson, history.nebraska.gov/visit/fort-robinson-history-center
Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Agency
Site of the second Red Cloud Agency
LocationDawes and Sioux counties, Nebraska, U.S.
Nearest cityCrawford, Nebraska
Area2,500 acres (10.1 km2)[4]
Built1873
NRHP reference No.66000442
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966
Designated NHLDDecember 19, 1960[5]

The fort was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is part of the Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Agency historic district. This includes Fort Robinson and the site of the second Red Cloud Agency (about 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east). The district also includes the Camp Camby site and the 1886 Percy Homestead.[4] The fort is managed by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, with some individual buildings operated by the History Nebraska and the University of Nebraska.[6]

History

In August 1873, the Red Cloud Agency was moved from the North Platte River to the White River, near what is now Crawford, Nebraska, in the northwest corner of the state. The following March, the U. S. Government authorized the establishment of a military camp at the agency site. Some 13,000 Lakota had been subject to resettlement.

The camp was named Camp Robinson in honor of Lt. Levi H. Robinson, who had been killed by Indians while on Indian land in February. In May, the military camp was moved 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the agency to its present location; the camp was renamed Fort Robinson in January 1878.

Fort Robinson was a base of US military forces and played a major role in the Sioux Wars from 1876 to 1890. The Battle of Warbonnet Creek took place nearby in July 1876. The war chief Crazy Horse surrendered here with his defenders on May 6, 1877. On September 5 that year, he was killed while resisting imprisonment.[7] A historic plaque marks the site of his death.

In January 1879, Chief Morning Star (also known as Dull Knife) led the Northern Cheyenne in an outbreak from the Agency. Because the Cheyenne had refused to return to Indian Territory, where they believed conditions were too adverse for them to survive, the army had been holding and starving them of food, water and heat during the severe winter. This campaign of torture and neglect was a tactic to try to force them into submission. U.S. soldiers hunted down the escapees, killing men, women, and children in the Fort Robinson massacre. The U.S. Supreme Court described it as a "shocking story", "one of the most melancholy of Indian tragedies".[8] The event marked the end of the Sioux and Cheyenne wars in Nebraska.

In 1885, the 9th Cavalry Regiment, nicknamed the Buffalo Soldiers by Native Americans, was stationed at Fort Robinson. During the next several years, the fort was enlarged, and military training was a major activity. From 1889-1890, Second Lieutenant Charles Young served here and later was reassigned to the regiment. A black pioneer officer who had graduated from West Point, he was the highest-ranking black person in the US Army throughout his career and achieved the rank of colonel.[9] From 1887-1898, the fort served as regimental headquarters. The post gymnasium and theatre, built in 1904, provided entertainment for the soldiers.[4]

In 1919 at the end of World War I, Fort Robinson became the world's largest quartermaster remount depot. It was used as a breeding and training center for horses and mules for the military. In addition, stallions owned by the military were used to breed with local stock to improve it. During the Great Depression, a hobo was murdered on a Chicago & Northwestern freight train within the fort.[10] During World War II, the fort was the site of a K-9 corps training center and a German prisoner-of-war camp.[11]

Closing

The U.S. Army decided to abandon Fort Robinson in 1947; in the following year, instead of returning the land to the native peoples to whom it belonged, it transferred the property to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), for its Beef Cattle Research Station. After some buildings were demolished in the mid-1950s, efforts were made to preserve the fort as a historic site. In 1955, History Nebraska, formally the Nebraska State Historical Society, began to acquire property on the fort; in 1956, they opened a museum on the site. The USDA closed its operation in 1971, and transferred the property to the state of Nebraska.[4][12][11]

State park

The Fort Robinson State Park was established in 1956 following the purchase of a parcel of land by the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission in 1955, who chose to keep the land rather than return it to the native people. The park was expanded after much of the site was deeded over from the Federal government in 1964. It reached its full size with Nebraska's purchase of the adjoining James Arthur Ranch in 1972.[3]

Features
The restaurant in Comanche Hall, the historic Bachelor Officers' Quarters at Fort Robinson

The fort's historic buildings and sites include the 1904 blacksmith shop, the 1908 veterinary hospital, the 1887 officers' quarters, the 1875 guardhouse and adjutant's office, and the post cemetery. There is also a library with materials about Fort Robinson and military and western history available for research. A quartermaster's stores building is now used as a playhouse.[4]

The Fort Robinson Museum is located in the 1905 post headquarters building. Exhibits focus on the fort's history, including its role guarding the Red Cloud Agency from 1874 to 1877, up through the housing of World War II German POWs from 1943 to 1946.[13] The Trailside Museum of Natural History, operated by the University of Nebraska State Museum, is located in the historic Army Theatre building.[14]

Fort Robinson is also home to The Post Playhouse, a professional theatre company that produces live theatre during summer months with creative teams of actors, musicians, and directors assembled from across the United States and nearby.[15]

Further reading
  • Barnes, Jeff. Forts of the Northern Plains: Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0811734967
  • Buecker, Thomas R. Fort Robinson and the American West, 1874-1899. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 2003. ISBN 0806135344
  • Buecker, Thomas R. Fort Robinson and the American Century, 1900-1948. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska State Historical Society, 2002. ISBN 0806136464

See also

References
  1. "Fort Robinson State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  2. "Fort Robinson State Park". NGPC Map and Data Portal. March 1, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  3. "Fort Robinson Management Plan 2013–2023" (PDF). Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. p. 4. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  4. Steven Lissandrello and Sarah J. Pearce (July 20, 1983). "Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Agency". National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. and "Accompanying 63 photos from 1975 and 1983, and 2 historic photos of Red Cloud"
  5. "List of National Historic Landmarks by State". National Park Service. December 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  6. "Fort Robinson State Park". Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  7. "About Crazy Horse the Man". Crazy Horse Memorial. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  8. "Conners v. United States, 180 U.S. 271, 21 S. Ct. 362, 45 L. Ed. 525 (1901)". Justia. Retrieved March 24, 2015. (Justice Henry Billings Brown finding no federal liability.)
  9. Brian G. Shellum (2010). Black Officer in a Buffalo Soldier Regiment: The Military Career of Charles Young. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska. p. xi. ISBN 978-0803230224. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  10. "United States v. Unzeuta, 281 U.S. 138, 50 S. Ct. 284, 74 L. Ed. 761 (1930)". Justia. Retrieved March 24, 2015. (Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes finding federal jurisdiction.)
  11. "Brief History of Fort Robinson". History Nebraska. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
  12. "Fort Robinson Timeline". History Nebraska. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  13. "Fort Robinson History Center". History Nebraska. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  14. "Trailside Museum of Natural History". University of Nebraska State Museum. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  15. "About". The Post Playhouse. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
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