Frederick, Prince of Wales

Frederick, Prince of Wales, KG (Frederick Louis; 1 February 1707 – 31 March 1751), was heir apparent to the British throne from 1727 until his death from a lung injury at the age of 44. He was the eldest but estranged son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach, and the father of King George III.

Frederick
Prince of Wales (more...)
Portrait by Jacopo Amigoni, 1735
Born	1 February 1707 (New Style) Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
Died	31 March 1751 (aged 44) Leicester House, London
Burial	13 April 1751 Westminster Abbey, London, England
Spouse	Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Issue	Princess Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick George III of the United Kingdom Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany Princess Elizabeth Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Princess Louisa Prince Frederick Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway
Full name Frederick Louis (or Lewis) German: Friedrich Ludwig
House	Hanover
Father	George II of Great Britain
Mother	Caroline of Ansbach

Under the Act of Settlement passed by the English Parliament in 1701, Frederick was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne at birth, after his great-grandmother, paternal grandfather and father. He moved to Great Britain following the accession of his father, and was created Prince of Wales. He predeceased his father, however, and upon the latter's death on 25 October 1760, the throne passed to Prince Frederick's eldest son, George III.

Biography

Early life

Prince Frederick, c. 1720.

Prince Frederick Lewis was born on 1 February 1707 in Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany), as Duke Friedrich Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to Prince George, son of George, Elector of Hanover, who was also one of Frederick's two godfathers. The Elector was the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I and first cousin and heir presumptive to Queen Anne of Great Britain. However, Sophia died before Anne at age 83 in June 1714, which elevated the Elector to heir-presumptive; Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year, and Sophia's son became King George I. This made Frederick's father the new Prince of Wales and first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Frederick's other godfather was his grand-uncle Frederick I, King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia.[1] Frederick was nicknamed "Griff" within the family.[2]

In the year of Anne's death and the coronation of George I, Frederick's parents, George, Prince of Wales (later George II), and Caroline of Ansbach, were called upon to leave Hanover for Great Britain when their eldest son was only seven years old. He was left in the care of his grand-uncle Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, and did not see his parents again for 14 years.

In 1722, the 15-year-old Frederick was inoculated against smallpox by Charles Maitland on the instructions of his mother, Caroline.[3] His grandfather George I created him Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely,[4] Earl of Eltham in the county of Kent, Viscount of Launceston in the county of Cornwall, and Baron of Snaudon in the county of Carnarvon, on 26 July 1726.[5] The latter two titles have been interpreted differently since: the ofs are omitted and Snaudon rendered as Snowdon.

Frederick arrived in England in 1728 as a grown man, the year after his father had become King George II. By then, George and Caroline had had several younger children, and Frederick, himself now Prince of Wales, was a high-spirited youth fond of drinking, gambling and women.[6] The long separation damaged their relationship, and they would never be close.[7] 1728 also saw the foundation of Fredericksburg, Virginia, which was named after him[8]—his other namesakes are Prince Frederick, Maryland (1722), Fort Frederick, Maine (1729–30), Fort Frederick, South Carolina (1730–34), Fort Frederick, New York (completed 1735) and Fort Frederica, Georgia (founded 1736), while Fort Frederick, Maryland, Point Frederick, Ontario, Fort Frederick, Ontario and Fort Frederick, New Brunswick were also named after him posthumously.

Prince of Wales

The Prince of Wales, c. 1733, with his sisters, Anne, Caroline and Amelia.

The motives for the ill-feeling between Frederick and his parents may include the fact that he had been set up by his grandfather, even as a small child, as the representative of the House of Hanover, and was used to presiding over official occasions in the absence of his parents. He was not permitted to go to Great Britain until after his father took the throne as George II on 11 June 1727. Frederick had continued to be known as Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover (with his British HRH style) even after his father had been created Prince of Wales.

In 1728, Frederick (his name now anglicised) was finally brought to Britain[9] and was created Prince of Wales on 8 January 1729.[10] He served as the tenth Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1728 to 1751, and a portrait of him still enjoys a commanding position in the Hall of the Trinity College, Dublin.

He sponsored a court of 'opposition' politicians. Frederick and his group supported the Opera of the Nobility in Lincoln's Inn Fields as a rival to George Frideric Handel's royally sponsored opera at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket.[11] Frederick was a lover of music who played the viola and cello;[12] he is depicted playing a cello in three portraits by Philippe Mercier of Frederick and his sisters.[13] He enjoyed the natural sciences and the arts, and became a thorn in the side of his parents, making a point of opposing them in everything, according to the court gossip Lord Hervey. At court, the favourite was Frederick's younger brother, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, to the extent that the king looked into ways of splitting his domains so that Frederick would succeed only in Britain, while Hanover would go to William.[14]

Hervey and Frederick (using a pseudonym "Captain Bodkin") wrote a theatrical comedy together which was staged at the Drury Lane Theatre in October 1731. It was panned by the critics, and even the theatre's manager thought it so bad that it was unlikely to play out even the first night. He had soldiers stationed in the audience to maintain order, and when the play flopped, the audience was given their money back.[15] Hervey and Frederick also shared a mistress, Anne Vane, who had a son called FitzFrederick Vane in June 1732. Either of them or William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington, another of her lovers, could have been the father.[16] Jealousy between them may have contributed to a breach, and their friendship ended. Hervey later wrote bitterly that Frederick was "false ... never having the least hesitation in telling any lie that served his present purpose."[17]

Patron of the arts

A permanent result of Frederick's patronage of the arts is "Rule, Britannia!", one of the best-known British patriotic songs. It was composed by the English composer Thomas Arne and written by the Scottish poet and playwright James Thomson as part of the masque Alfred, which was first performed on 1 August 1740 at Cliveden, the country home of the Prince and Princess of Wales. Thomas Arne was also one of Frederick's favourite artists. A masque linking the Prince with both the medieval hero-king Alfred the Great's victories over the Vikings and with the contemporary issue of building up British sea power obviously went well with Frederick's political plans and aspirations. Later the song gained a life of its own outside of the masque. Thomson, who supported the Prince of Wales politically, also dedicated an earlier work dedicated to him: Liberty (1734).

A Royal Giltwood Frame of Colossal Scale by Paul Petit made at the command of Frederick, Prince of Wales to contain a portrait of Frederick the Great by Antoine Pesne (1683–1757). Collection of Carlton Hobbs LLC.

Unlike the king, Frederick was a knowledgeable amateur of painting, who patronised immigrant artists like Jacopo Amigoni and Jean-Baptiste van Loo, who painted the portraits of the prince and his consort for Frederick's champion William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath. The list of other artists he employed—Philippe Mercier, John Wootton, George Knapton and the engraver Joseph Goupy—represents some of the principal painterly figures of the English Rococo. The Prince was also crucially important for furthering the popularity of the Rococo style in the decorative arts, with a clear predilection for French Huguenot craftsmen, patronising silversmiths such as Nicolas Sprimont (1713–1771), toyshop owners like Paul Bertrand and carver and gilders, the most notable being Paul Petit (1729–c. 1756) who first worked for the prince on William Kent's neo-Palladian state barge of 1732,[18] which is still preserved in the National Maritime Museum. Petit worked on a handful of magnificent trophy frames in the Rococo style for Frederick that are among the most significant remaining testaments to his patronage of the decorative arts.[19] One frame made for his namesake cousin in 1748, Frederick the Great of Prussia, was especially lavish and represented the esteem in which the Prince held his cousin, suggesting the Prince identified with Frederick the Great's style of enlightened rule, over that of his own father George II. Petit's frame contained a portrait of Frederick the Great painted by Antoine Pense, and remains today in the British Royal Collection.[20]

None of Frederick's homes are left standing except for the country residence of Cliveden, which is in a much altered state. His London houses of Norfolk House, Carlton House, Leicester House and Kew House or the White House have all been demolished.

Domestic life

Negotiations between George II and his brother-in-law Frederick William I of Prussia on a proposed marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William's daughter Wilhelmine were welcomed by Frederick even though the couple had never met.[21] George II was not keen on the proposal but continued talks for diplomatic reasons. Frustrated by the delay, Frederick sent an envoy of his own to the Prussian court. When the King discovered the plan, he immediately arranged for Frederick to leave Hanover for England.[22] The marriage negotiations foundered when Frederick William demanded that Frederick be made Regent in Hanover.[23]

Frederick also almost married Lady Diana Spencer, daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland and Lady Anne Churchill. Lady Diana was the favourite grandchild of the powerful Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. The duchess sought a royal alliance by marrying Lady Diana to the Prince of Wales with a massive dowry of £100,000. The prince, who was in great debt, agreed to the proposal, but the plan was vetoed by Robert Walpole and the king. Lady Diana soon married John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford.

Although in his youth he was undoubtedly a spendthrift and womaniser, Frederick settled down following his marriage to the sixteen-year-old Augusta of Saxe-Gotha on 27 April 1736.[24] The wedding was held at the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace,[25] presided over by Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London and Dean of the Chapel Royal. Handel provided the new anthem 'Sing unto God' for the service and the wedding was also marked in London by two rival operas, Handel's Atalanta and Porpora's La festa d'Imeneo[26]

In May 1736, George II returned to Hanover, which resulted in unpopularity in England; a satirical notice was even pinned to the gates of St James's Palace decrying his absence. "Lost or strayed out of this house", it read, "a man who has left a wife and six children on the parish."[27] The King made plans to return in the face of inclement weather; when his ship was caught in a storm, gossip swept London that he had drowned. Eventually, in January 1737, he arrived back in England.[28] Immediately he fell ill, with piles and a fever, and withdrew to his bed. The Prince of Wales put it about that the King was dying, with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip-mongers.[29]

Frederick (pictured) opposed his father's government.

Quickly accumulating large debts, Frederick relied for an income on his wealthy friend George Bubb Dodington. The Prince's father refused to make him the financial allowance that the Prince considered should have been his. Frederick's public opposition to his father's government continued; he opposed the unpopular Gin Act 1736, which tried to control the Gin Craze.[30] Frederick applied to Parliament for an increased financial allowance which had hitherto been denied him by the King, and public disagreement over the payment of the money drove a further wedge between parents and son. Frederick's allowance was raised but by less than he had asked for.[31]

In June 1737, Frederick informed his parents that Augusta was pregnant, and due to give birth in October. In fact, Augusta's due date was earlier and a peculiar episode followed in July in which the Prince, on discovering that his wife had gone into labour, sneaked her out of Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the night, to ensure that the King and Queen could not be present at the birth.[32] George and Caroline were horrified. Traditionally, royal births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to guard against supposititious children, and Augusta had been forced by her husband to ride in a rattling carriage while heavily pregnant and in pain. With a party including two of her daughters and Lord Hervey, the Queen raced over to St James's Palace, where Frederick had taken Augusta.[33] Caroline was relieved to discover that Augusta had given birth to a "poor, ugly little she-mouse" rather than a "large, fat, healthy boy" which made a supposititious child unlikely since the baby was so pitiful.[34] The circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother and son.[34]

Frederick was banished from the King's court,[14] and a rival court grew up at Frederick's new residence, Leicester House.[35] His mother fell fatally ill at the end of the year, but the King refused Frederick permission to see her.[36] He became a devoted family man, taking his wife and eight children (his youngest daughter was born posthumously) to live in the countryside at Cliveden, where he fished, shot and rowed.[37] In 1742, Robert Walpole left office and the realignment of the government led to a reconciliation between father and son, as Frederick's friends gained influence.[38]

After the Jacobite Rising of 1745, Frederick met Flora MacDonald, who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London for aiding the escape of the Rising's leader Charles Edward Stuart, and helped secure her eventual release.[39] In 1747, Frederick rejoined the political opposition, and the King responded by calling an early general election, which Frederick's party lost.[40]

Cricket

Frederick was a cricket enthusiast and patron.

By the time Frederick arrived in Great Britain, cricket had developed into the country's most popular team sport and it thrived on gambling. Perhaps because he wished to anglicise and so fit in with his new society, Frederick developed an academic interest in cricket and soon became a genuine enthusiast. He began to make wagers and then to patronise and play the sport, even forming his own team on several occasions.

The earliest mention of Frederick in cricket annals is in a contemporary report that concerns a first-class match on 28 September 1731 between Surrey and London, played on Kennington Common. No post-match report was found despite advance promotion as "likely to be the best performance of this kind that has been seen for some time". The records show that "for the convenience of the gamesters, the ground is to be staked and roped out" – a new practice in 1731 and possibly done partly for the benefit of a royal visitor. The advertisement refers to "the whole county of Surrey" as London's opponents and states that the Prince of Wales is "expected to attend".[41]

In August 1732, the Whitehall Evening Post reported that Frederick attended "a great cricket match" at Kew on 27 July.[42]

By the 1733 season, Frederick was seriously involved in the game, in effect as a county cricketer for Surrey.[43] He was said to have given a guinea to each player in a Surrey vs. Middlesex game at Moulsey Hurst.[44] Then he awarded a silver cup to a combined Surrey & Middlesex team which had just beaten Kent, arguably the best county team at the time, at Moulsey Hurst on 1 August.[44] This is the first reference in cricket history to any kind of trophy (other than hard cash) being contested. On 31 August, the Prince of Wales' XI played Sir William Gage's XI on Moulsey Hurst. The result is unknown but the teams were said to be of county standard, so presumably it was in effect a Surrey vs. Sussex match.[45]

In the years following 1733, there are frequent references to the Prince of Wales as a patron of cricket and as an occasional player.

When he died on 31 March 1751, cricket suffered a double blow as his death closely followed that of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, the game's greatest financial patron at the time. The number of top-class matches declined for several years.

Death

Britannia mourning the death of the Prince of Wales, c. 1751

His political ambitions unfulfilled, Frederick died at Leicester House at the age of 44 on 31 March 1751 (20 March 1750 OS).[46] In the past this has been attributed to a burst lung abscess caused by a blow from a cricket or a real tennis ball,[47][48] but it is now thought to have been from a pulmonary embolism.[49][50] He was buried at Westminster Abbey on 13 April 1751. He is the most recent Prince of Wales not to have acceded to the British throne.

The Prince of Wales' epigram (quoted by William Makepeace Thackeray, "Four Georges"):

"Here lies poor Fred who was alive and is dead,
Had it been his father I had much rather,
Had it been his sister nobody would have missed her,
Had it been his brother, still better than another,
Had it been the whole generation, so much better for the nation,
But since it is Fred who was alive and is dead,
There is no more to be said!"

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Frederick, Prince of Wales' arms

Titles and styles

In Britain:

• 1 August 1714 – 26 July 1726: His Royal Highness Prince Frederick
• 26 July 1726 – 11 June 1727: His Royal Highness Prince Frederick, Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount of Launceston, and Baron of Snaudon[5]
• 11 June 1727 – 8 January 1729: His Royal Highness Frederick Lewis, Prince of Great Britain, Electoral Prince of Brunswick-Lunenburgh, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount of Launceston, Baron of Snaudon, and of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Steward of Scotland and Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter[4]
• 8 January 1729[51] – 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, etc.[4]

He was given the title Duke of Gloucester on 10 January 1717,[52] but when he was raised to the peerage in 1726 it was as Duke of Edinburgh only.[53]

Honours

• 3 July 1717: Royal Knight of the Garter[54]

Arms

Between his creation as Duke of Edinburgh in 1726 and his creation as Prince of Wales, he bore the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a cross gules. As Prince of Wales, the difference changed to simply a label argent of three points.[55] Frederick never succeeded his father as Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire and so the red escutcheon in the centre of his Hanover quarter is empty.[56]

Ancestry and issue

Issue

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By the Honourable Anne Vane
FitzFrederick Cornwall Vane	4 June 1732	23 February 1736	Born on St James's Street and baptised on 17 June 1732 with Henry Vane (his maternal uncle), Lord Baltimore and Lady Elizabeth Mansel as his godparents. He died in London of "a fit of convulsions" while in the care of his uncle Henry.
Amelia Vane	21 April 1733	22 April 1733	Died the day after her birth.
By Margaret, Countess of Marsac reputed
Charles	1736	22 December 1820	Died aged eighty-four.
By Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Princess Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick	31 July 1737	23 March 1813	Married, 1764, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had issue.
George III	4 June 1738	29 January 1820	Married, 1761, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had issue.
Prince Edward, Duke of York	25 March 1739	17 September 1767	Died aged twenty-eight, unmarried.
Princess Elizabeth	10 January 1741	4 September 1759	Died aged eighteen, unmarried.
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester	25 November 1743	25 August 1805	Married, 1766, Maria, Countess Waldegrave; had issue.
Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland	7 November 1745	18 September 1790	Married, 1771, Anne Luttrell; no issue.
Princess Louisa	19 March 1749	13 May 1768	Died aged nineteen, unmarried.
Prince Frederick	13 May 1750	29 December 1765	Died aged fifteen, unmarried.
Caroline Matilda, Queen-consort of Denmark and Norway	11 July 1751	10 May 1775	Born after Frederick's death; Married, 1766, Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway; had issue.

Ancestors

Ancestors of Frederick, Prince of Wales[57]

8. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover 4. George I of Great Britain 9. Princess Sophia of the Palatinate 2. George II of Great Britain 10. George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5. Duchess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle 11. Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse 1. Frederick, Prince of Wales 12. Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 6. John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 13. Countess Sophie Margarete of Oettingen-Oettingen 3. Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 14. John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach 7. Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach 15. Johannetta, Countess of Sayn-Altenkirchen

References

Notes

1. "Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings". Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
2. Van der Kiste, p. 20. Van der Kiste observes that "griff" was a Caribbean term for a half-caste, and that it was applied to Frederick because he was "heavy-nosed, thick-lipped and yellow-skinned."
3. Van der Kiste, p. 83
4. London Gazette — creation as Prince of Wales
5. London Gazette — creation as Duke of Edinburgh
6. Van der Kiste, pp. 39, 85
7. Van der Kiste, p. 112
8. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 131.
9. Trench, pp. 141–142; Van der Kiste, pp. 115–116
10. Prince of Wales: Previous princes
11. Van der Kiste, p. 125
12. Van der Kiste, p. 111
13. The three copies are in the National Portrait Gallery, London, the Royal Collection and Cliveden House, Buckinghamshire.
14. Van der Kiste, p. 158
15. Van der Kiste, p. 114
16. Van der Kiste, p. 115
17. Quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 115
18. Beard, Geoffrey (August 1970). William Kent and the Royal Barge. The Burlington Magazine , Vol. 112, No. 809, pp 488-493+495. p. 492.
19. "9880 – A ROYAL GILTWOOD FRAME OF COLOSSAL SCALE BY PAUL PETIT AT THE COMMAND OF FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES | Carlton Hobbs New York". carltonhobbs.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
20. "Antoine Pesne (1683–1757): Frederick II, King of Prussia (1712–86) 1747 – 1748". Royal Collection. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
21. Van der Kiste, pp. 109–110
22. Van der Kiste, p. 110
23. Van der Kiste, pp. 86, 118
24. "The Royal Wedding… of 1736". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
25. Walford, Edward. "St James's Palace Pages 100-122 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878". British History Online. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
26. "Matthew Kilburn, 'Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales (1707–1751)', in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
27. Van der Kiste, pp. 149–150
28. Van der Kiste, p. 152
29. Van der Kiste, p. 153
30. Van der Kiste, p. 148
31. Van der Kiste, p. 154
32. Van der Kiste, p. 155
33. Van der Kiste, p. 156
34. Van der Kiste, p. 157
35. Van der Kiste, p. 159
36. Van der Kiste, p. 161
37. Van der Kiste, p. 113
38. Van der Kiste, pp. 175–176
39. Van der Kiste, p. 187
40. Van der Kiste, p. 188
41. H. T. Waghorn, The Dawn of Cricket, Electric Press, 1906.
42. G. B. Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935.
43. Marples, Morris Poor Fred and the Butcher : Sons of George II London 1970 p41 ISBN 0718108167
44. H. T. Waghorn, Cricket Scores, Notes, etc. (1730–1773), Blackwood, 1899.
45. Timothy J. McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004.
46. "No. 9042". The London Gazette. 23 March 1750. p. 1.
47. Deborah Fisher, Princes of Wales (University of Wales Press, 2006).
48. Van der Kiste, pp. 190–191
49. "Frederick Prince of Wales". BBC.
50. Livingstone, Natalie (7 April 2016). The Mistresses of Cliveden: Three Centuries of Scandal, Power and Intrigue in an English Stately Home. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-959472-7.
51. Prince of Wales – Previous Princes
52. Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: A Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.), London: Pimlico, p. 278, ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
53. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
54. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 41
55. Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
56. Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999), Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown, p. 32, ISBN 1-85605-469-1
57. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 55.

Bibliography

• Michael De-la-Noy, The King Who Never Was: The Story of Frederick, Prince of Wales, London; Chester Springs, PA: Peter Owen, 1996.
• Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1321-5
• John Walters, The Royal Griffin: Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–51, London: Jarrolds, 1972.

External links

Media related to Frederick, Prince of Wales at Wikimedia Commons

• Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London