Grand Lake St. Marys State Park

Grand Lake St. Marys State Park is a public recreation area located on 13,500-acre (5,500 ha) Grand Lake in Mercer and Auglaize counties, Ohio.[4] Grand Lake is the largest inland lake in Ohio in terms of area, but is shallow, with an average depth of only 5–7 feet (1.5–2.1 m). The state park is open for year-round recreation, including boating, fishing, swimming and hunting. The park consists of the lake and park facilities scattered all around the shore intermingled with private property and a facility operated by Wright State University.[3] It is west of St. Marys, and south-east of Celina, 23 miles (37 km) south-west of Lima in the north-western part of Ohio.[1]

Grand Lake St. Marys State Park
Sunset over Grand Lake St. Marys
Grand Lake St. Marys State Park
Location in Ohio
Grand Lake St. Marys State Park
Grand Lake St. Marys State Park (the United States)
LocationMercer and Auglaize counties, Ohio, United States
Coordinates40°31′36″N 84°30′03″W[1]
AreaLand: 591 acres (239 ha)
Water: 13,500 acres (5,500 ha)[2]
Elevation869 ft (265 m)[1]
Established1949
Administered byOhio Department of Natural Resources
DesignationOhio state park
Named forGrand Lake and St. Marys
WebsiteGrand Lake St. Marys State Park
Grand Lake
Grand Lake
Grand Lake
LocationMercer / Auglaize counties, Ohio, United States
Coordinates40°31′36″N 84°30′03″W[1]
TypeArtificial lake
Primary inflowsColdwater Creek
Primary outflowsBeaver Creek
Basin countriesUnited States
Max. length8.2 mi (13.2 km)
Max. width2.8 mi (4.5 km)
Surface area12,896 acres (5,219 ha)[3]
Average depth5–7 ft (1.5–2.1 m)[3]
Shore length174 mi (119 km)[3]
Surface elevation871 ft (265 m)[3]
IslandsSafety Island
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
A lighthouse on Grand Lake St. Marys

History

Grand Lake St. Marys was constructed in the early 19th century as a reservoir for the Miami and Erie Canal, which connected the Ohio River with Lake Erie. At one time the lake was the world's largest man-made lake.[4] The canal system thrived for about thirty years in the mid-to-late 19th century before it was replaced by the railroads. In the 1890s oil was discovered in the area, and oil derricks were set up in the lake sometime around 1891. This made Grand Lake the location for the first off shore oil drilling to take place. The lake became one of Ohio's first state parks in 1949 with recreational facilities built in the following years.[4][5]

Names

The official geographic name of the lake is Grand Lake. The United States Geological Survey Board of Geographic Names disapproved a proposal to change the name Grand Lake to Grand Lake-Saint Marys, which is the name given on state maps and documents.[1][3] The 1920 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica shows the name as Lake Mercer on the map of Ohio in the article on Ohio. "Lake St. Marys" was a name introduced in the early 1900s and wasn't popular with Celina residents. The body of water has also been referred to as "Grand Reservoir" and "Lake Celina" among other names.[1]

Ecology

The land on which Grand Lake St. Marys is located was once part of a forest that stretched from the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania to the prairie in Illinois. Much of the forest was cleared by pioneer farmers as the area was settled in the years following the Northwest Indian War. The forests have been replaced by farmland with fields of wheat, soybeans, and corn.[4]

Grand Lake St. Marys was once a swampy prairie. When the lake was constructed in the early 19th century, the prairie was flooded. Now the shore of the lake includes woodlands, wetlands and prairie ecosystems that are surrounded by residential development and farms.[4]

Several outlier stands of eastern hemlock are present around the lake, and these are the westernmost natural stands in Ohio.[6]

The park is located along a major migration route for migratory birds. Commonly seen waterfowl include, geese, loons, ducks, grebes, and swans. Wading birds found in the marshy areas of the park include egrets and herons. American white pelicans have been spotted every year in the park for almost a decade. Historically, these birds bred in the western United States and Canada, but appear to be expanding their range east. White pelican nests were found for the first time on Lake Erie in 2019.[7][8] Other birds found at the park include cormorants, red-tailed hawks, ospreys, owls such as; great horned owls, barred owls, screech owls, saw-whet owls, and very rarely, snowy owls. The once endangered bald eagle has returned to the area, and there are several nests located around the lake. The most commonly found mammals in the park are cottontail rabbits, mink, fox squirrels, white-tailed deer, eastern coyote, beaver, muskrat, and raccoons.[4]

Environmental concerns and restoration efforts

Due to the increasingly high levels of lake pollution, E. coli bacteria,[9] and related algae levels, Grand Lake could be dying off as a destination lake and is considered by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to be "impaired" due to "stream channelization, drainage tiles, loss of floodplains and streamside vegetation, manure runoff and untreated sewage flowing from failing home septic systems and small communities without any wastewater collection or treatment."[10][11]

Runoff from farmland is one of the greatest problems. Nutrients of livestock waste and natural and chemical fertilizers are laden with phosphorus and nitrogen. These elements upset the natural balance of the lake and increase the growth of blue-green algae.[12] The algae is a cyanobacterium, with Planktothrix being a particularly prevalent and problematic species. The bacteria produce toxic peptides that can be harmful to plants and animals.[12] Humans are also affected by the toxins. Microcystin can harm the liver and cause other health problems including mild rashes and sneezing and even severe gastrointestinal ailments.[12] Agriculture runoff is not the only source of pollution in the lake. Industrial and commercial drainage contribute to the problem as does drainage from out of date septic tanks and municipal sewage systems.[12]

Heavy deposits of silt into the lake also contribute to the degradation of the lake.[13] Development of homes along the shore has reduced the number of native plants that helped to strengthen the shore and reduce erosion. Development has also increased the level of phosphates entering the lake by over fertilization of lawns. These excess phosphates directly contribute to plant growth, including the algae in the lake.[14] The native flora that has been reduced served as a filter to keep the excess nutrients out of the water.[14]

Recreation

Grand Lake St. Marys State Park is open for year-round recreation, including boating, hunting, fishing, swimming and picnicking. The campground has 216 sites of which 135 are equipped with electricity. Facilities include modern restroom facilities, a laundry and a dump station. Pets are permitted.

Grand Lake St. Marys is open to boating, fishing, swimming and water skiing. Boats with unlimited horsepower are permitted on the lake. The state maintains nine launch ramps providing access to the lake. A 300-foot (91 m) no-wake zone has been established around the lake's 52 miles (84 km) of shore. Boats are prohibited from entering a wildlife refuge on the southwest corner of the lake.[4]

The lake is open to fishing year-round. Common game fish include warm water fish such as crappie, bass, yellow perch, and bluegill. Hunting is permitted in designated zones. Grand Lake St. Mary's provides a habitat for a variety of waterfowl. The state owns seventy duck blinds spread throughout the designated hunting zones.[4]

There are four public swimming beaches as well as other swimming areas provided for boaters, although as of 2010 the water was deemed unsafe for swimming.[15][16][17][18] and so the beaches are now closed until further notice. There are several picnic areas and picnic shelters.[4]

The camp store loans games, fishing and sporting equipment to registered campers. Bike rentals are available at the campground. The park also has a miniature golf course, along with basketball and volleyball courts, horseshoe pits, playground equipment, and a recently added swimming pool.[4] St. Marys Fish Hatchery, located on the lake's eastern shore is operated by the ODNR Division of Wildlife. The hatchery raises saugeye, walleye, channel catfish and bass for stocking in the public fishing waters of the state.[19]

The Grand Lake St. Marys Seaplane Base also operates on the lake and serves as Ohio's only airport for seaplanes.[20]

See also

References
  1. "Grand Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  2. "Grand Lake St. Marys State Park". Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  3. "Grand Lake St. Marys Fishing Map" (PDF). Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife. 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  4. "Grand Lake St. Marys State Park". Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  5. Spencer, Jeff; Camp, Mark (2008). Ohio Oil and Gas (Images of America). Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 55–60. ISBN 9780738551715.
  6. "Tsuga canadensis (L". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
  7. Freedman, Eric (2019-07-01). "White pelicans extend their Great Lakes range, study finds". Great Lakes Echo. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  8. "Coming home". The Daily Standard. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  9. Grieshop, Shelley (2007-09-07). "Beach water samples test high for E. coli". The Daily Standard. Celina, Ohio. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06.
  10. "The Beaver Creek and Grand Lake St. Marys (Wabash) Watershed TMDL". Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water, Total Maximum Daily Load Program. Retrieved on 2009-06-08.
  11. Hunt, Spencer; Doug Caruso (2009-05-23). "Troubled water". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  12. "Pollution Issues and Solutions for Grand Lake St. Marys". Lake Improvement Association. Archived from the original on 2011-05-30. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  13. "Erosion Issues and Solutions for Grand Lake St. Marys". Lake Improvement Association. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  14. "Issues". Lake Improvement Association. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  15. Bennish, Steve (2010-07-29). "No swimming, fishing advisory for Grand Lake St. Marys continues". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  16. "Contamination advisory". Ohio Department of Health. 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  17. Burkholder, Mike. "No swimming: Officials find algae bloom in lake". Wapakoneta Daily News. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  18. "Ohio's largest inland lake, Grand Lake St. Marys, not safe for swimming". Associated Press. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  19. "St Mary's Fish Hatchery". Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  20. FAA Airport Form 5010 for O12 PDF, effective 2010-06-12
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