Guangzhouwan

Guangzhouwan, officially Kouang-Tchéou-Wan,[nb 1] was a small enclave on the southern coast of China ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory and administered as an outlier of French Indochina in eastern mainland South East Asia. [1] The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard; present-day Zhanjiang (also known as Tsankiang, Chankiang, and Tsamkong).

Kouang-Tchéou-Wan

廣州灣
1898–1945
Flag
Location of Kwangchow Wan in French Indochina
StatusLeased territory of France
CapitalFort-Bayard
Common languages
Historical eraNew Imperialism
• French occupation
22 April 1898
• Leased by France
29 May 1898
• Administered by French Indochina
5 January 1900
• Occupied by Japan
21 February 1943
• Formally ceded by France
18 August 1945
Area
18991,300 km2 (500 sq mi)
Population
• 1911
189,000
• 1935
209,000
CurrencyFrench Indochinese piastre
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Qing China
Republic of China
Guangzhouwan
Traditional Chinese廣州灣
Simplified Chinese广州湾
Literal meaningGuangzhou Bay

Japan occupied the territory in February 1943. The French never regained it after World War II; the Republic of China occupied the territory following the surrender of Japan and France formally retroceded it with the Chungking Convention of 18 August 1945.

The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in the early 20th century[2] to just 209,000 in 1935.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.

Geography

The leased territory was situated in Guangdong Province (Kwangtung Province) on the east side of the Leizhou Peninsula (French: Péninsule de Leitcheou), north of Hainan, around a bay then called Kwangchowan, now called the Port of Zhanjiang. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River (Chinese: Maxie He, French: Rivière Ma-The). The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland even by large warships.

The territory ceded to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres. The islands were recognized at the time as an admirable natural defense, the main islands being Donghai Dao. On the smaller Naozhou Island farther to the southeast, a lighthouse was constructed.

The limits of the concession inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from Gaozhou prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory 18 kilometres (11 mi) by 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and on the right bank a strip 24 kilometres (15 mi) by 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Leizhou prefecture (Lei Chow Fu).[2] The total land area of the leased territory was 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi).[3] The city of Fort-Bayard (Zhanjiang) was developed as a port.

History

Establishment of French rule and early development
Fort-Bayard circa 1910

Kwangchow Wan was leased by China to France for 99 years, or until 1997 (as the British did in Hong Kong's New Territories and the Germans in the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory) according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898, ratified by China on 5 January 1900. The colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.[1] Kwangchow Wan, while not a constituent part of Indochina, was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.[4] In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however, when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures.[2] The return of the leased territory to China was promised by France at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922 but this plan was in fact never realised.[5]

By 1931, the population of Kwangchow Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km2; virtually all were Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.[4] The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on export of commercial airplanes, Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,[6] and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.[7]

World War II
Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943

As an adjunct of French Indochina, Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II. Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognized the “privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East” and which constituted the first step of the Japanese military occupation of Indochina, a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort-Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbor.[8] However, as in the rest of French Indochina, the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of official of Vichy France following the Fall of France; in November 1941, Governor General Jean Decoux, newly appointed by Marshal Pétain, made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan.[9] In mid-February 1943, the Japanese, after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan Bay, unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory. From then on, Kwanchow Wan was de facto under full military Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere façade. The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques, a local pro-Vichy militant, was appointed to replace him.[10] In May of the same year, Roques signed a convention with the local Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the Japanese. On 10 March 1945, the Japanese, following up on their sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina the night before, disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort-Bayard.[11]

Just prior to the Japanese surrender which ended World War II, the National Revolutionary Army, having recaptured Liuzhou, Guilin, and Taizhou, as well as Lashio and Mandalay in Burma, was planning to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchow Wan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.[12]

On 18 August 1945 in Chongqing, while the Japanese were still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender, a French diplomat and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort-Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945.[13]

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Free China; Patrick Yu, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him to escape in this way.[14] However, the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943.[15]

French cultural and economic influence

A French-language school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of the Banque de l'Indochine, were set up in Fort-Bayard.[16] In addition, a Roman Catholic church constructed during the colonial period is still preserved today.[17]

  • Kwangchow Wan pavilion at the Marseille Colonial Exhibition
  • Post and Telegraph building in Poteou, Kwangchow Wan
  • Colonial militia with French officers
  • Pupils and teachers of the École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan

See also

Notes
  1. Also spelled Kwangchow Wan, Kwangchow-wan, Kwang-Chou-Wan or Quang-Tchéou-Wan.

References

Citations
  1. Gale 1970: 201
  2. Chisholm 1911.
  3. Priestly 1967: 441
  4. Olson 1991: 349
  5. Escarra 1929: 9
  6. Xu 2001: 21
  7. Anslinger 1953: 141
  8. Matot, p. 193.
  9. Matot, p. 194.
  10. Matot, p. 204.
  11. Matot, p. 209-210.
  12. Handel 1990: 242
  13. Matot, p. 214-217.
  14. Yu 2000: 38
  15. Olson 1991: 349–350
  16. Le Papier Colonial
  17. Li 2001

Sources
  • Anslinger, H.J.; Tompkins, William F. (1953), The Traffic in Narcotics, Funk and Wagnalls
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kwangchow Bay" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 957.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Escarra, Jean (1929), Le régime des concessions étrangères en Chine, Académie de droit international
  • Gale, Esson M. (1970), "International Relations: The Twentieth Century", China, Ayer Publishing, pp. 200–221, ISBN 0-8369-1987-4
  • A. Choveaux, "Situation économique du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan en 1923". Annales de Géographie, Volume 34, Nr. 187, pp. 74–77, 1925.
  • Handel, Michael (1990), Intelligence and Military Operations, United Kingdom: Routledge
  • Li, Chuanyi; Ou, Jie (2001), "湛江维多尔天主教堂考察" [Research on the Victor Catholic Church of Zhanjiang], Study and Preservation of Chinese Modern Architecture Series, Tsinghua University, 1, archived from the original on October 21, 2014
  • Luong, Hy Van (1992), Revolution in the Village: tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925–1988, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press
  • Matot, Bertrand. Fort Bayard. Quand la France vendait son opium. Éditions François Bourin, 2013, Paris, p. 193.
  • Olson, James S., ed. (1991), Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
  • Priestly, Herbert Ingram (1967), France Overseas: Study of Modern Imperialism, United Kingdom: Routledge
  • Xu, Guangqiu (2001), War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32004-7
  • Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000), A Seventh Child and the Law, Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press
  • lettres > par pays > Chine > Kouang-Tcheou-Wan, Le Papier Colonial: la France d'outre-mer et ses anciennes colonies, retrieved January 1, 2007 Includes images of letters sent to and from the territory.
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