Guayaquil

Guayaquil (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaʝaˈkil] (listen); Quechua: Wayakil), officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest city of Ecuador. It is also the nation's main port. The city is the capital of Guayas Province and the seat of Guayaquil canton.

This article is about the city of Guayaquil. For the canton named after this city, see Guayaquil Canton.

Guayaquil

Santiago de Guayaquil
City
Saint James of Guayaquil
Top left: A night view of lighthouse in Santa Ana Hill, Top upper right: A view of Malecon Simon Bolivar, downtown area, from Santa Ana Hill, Top lower right: Guayaquil Metropolitan Cathedral, Middle left: Guayaquil City Office, Middle right: View of Avenida Nueve de Octubre from Malecon 2000, Bottom left: View of El Carmen Hills, Bottom right: Guayas River and Guayaquil National Unity Bridge (Puente Unidad Nacional)
Nickname(s): 
La Perla del Pacífico
English: The Pearl of the Pacific
Motto(s): 
Por Guayaquil Independiente
English: For Independent Guayaquil
Guayaquil
Guayaquil
Coordinates: 2°11′S 79°53′W
Country Ecuador
Province Guayas
Canton Guayaquil
Spanish foundation(1535-07-25)25 July 1535
Independence(1820-10-09)9 October 1820
Founded byFrancisco de Orellana
Named forGuayas and Quil
Urban parishes16 urban parishes
Government
 • TypeMayor and council
 • Governing bodyMunicipality of Guayaquil
 • MayorCynthia Viteri
 • Vice-MayorJosué Sánchez
Area
 • City344.5 km2 (133.01 sq mi)
 • Land316.42 km2 (122.17 sq mi)
 • Water28.08 km2 (10.84 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,493.86 km2 (962.88 sq mi)
Elevation
4 m (13.2 ft)
Population
 (2019)
 • City2,698,077[1]
 • Metro
3,113,725
Demonym(s)Guayaquilean
Time zoneUTC−5 (ECT)
Postal code
EC090150
Area code(s)(0)4
Vehicle registrationG
LanguagesSpanish
ClimateAw
WebsiteMunicipality of Guayaquil
Engraving depicting a map of Guayaquil in 1741.

The city is located on the west bank of the Guayas River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil.

History

Guayaquil was founded on July 25, 1538[2] in the location of a native village with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil (Most Noble and Most Loyal City of Santiago of Guayaquil) by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana.[3][4]

In 1687, Guayaquil was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George d'Hout (English) and Picard and Groniet (French). Of more than 260 pirates, 35 were killed and 46 were wounded; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded.

In 1709, the English captains Woodes Rogers, Etienne Courtney, and William Dampier, along with a crew of 110, looted Guayaquil and demanded ransom; however, they departed suddenly and without collecting the ransom after an epidemic of yellow fever broke out.

In colonial times Guayaquil was the chief Spanish shipyard in the Pacific, although some navigators considered that Valdivia (now in Chile) had better conditions.[5][6]

On October 9, 1820, almost without bloodshed, a group of civilians, supported by soldiers from the "Granaderos de Reserva" battalion quartered in Guayaquil, overwhelmed the resistance of the Royalist guards and arrested the Spanish authorities. Guayaquil declared independence from Spain, becoming Provincia Libre de Guayaquil, and José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil (Civilian Chief) of Guayaquil.

On July 26, 1822, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a meeting in Guayaquil to plan the future of the independent South America.

In 1829, the city was invaded by the Peruvian Army, which occupied it for seven months.

In 1860, the city was the site of the Battle of Guayaquil, the last of a series of military conflicts between the forces of the Provisional Government, led by Gabriel García Moreno and General Juan José Flores, and the forces of the Supreme Chief of Guayas, General Guillermo Franco, whose government was recognized as possessing sovereignty over the Ecuadorian territory by Peruvian president Ramón Castilla. Moreno's forces were victorious, countering Peruvian influence over Ecuador.

In 1896, large portions of the city were destroyed by a major fire.[7]

On July 8, 1898, the Guayaquil City Hall "Muy Ilustre Municipalidad de Guayaquil" officially recognized the anthem written by José Joaquín de Olmedo in 1821, with the music composed by Ana Villamil Ycaza in 1895, as the "Himno al 9 de Octubre" Canción al Nueve de Octubre, most widely known now as the "Himno a Guayaquil" (Guayaquil Anthem).

In 1922, workers in the city went on a general strike lasting three days, ending after at least 300 people were killed by military and police.

In 2020, the city was hit hard by the coronavirus pandemic. Its medical and mortuary services were overwhelmed to the point where bodies lay in the streets.[8] Almost 6,000 more deaths were recorded in the first two weeks of April than the average for the time of year.[9]

Economy
Aerial view of Guayaquil

Guayaquileños' main sources of income are formal and informal trade, business, agriculture and aquaculture. Most commerce consists of small and medium businesses, adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment.[10]

The Port of Guayaquil is Ecuador's most important commercial port; most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil. As the largest city in the country, most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas.

Ongoing projects seek urban regeneration as a principal objective of the growth of the city's commercial districts, as the increase of capital produces income. These projects in the city driven by the recent mayors have achieved this goal after investing large sums of money. The current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first-class international tourism and multinational businesses.[11]

Government

As of 2020 Guayaquil's mayor was Cynthia Viteri, the second elected female mayor in the city's history, the first being Elsa Bucaram in 1988. Previous mayor Jaime Nebot supported her. He began a campaign of construction projects for the city in the early 2000s to attract tourism, that included the "urban regeneration" plan which reconstructed the city's main tourist streets' sidewalks and upgraded the city's chaotic transit system with multiple infrastructure projects (speedways, bridges, overhead passages, tunnels, etc.).[12]

In August 2006, the city's first rapid transit bus system, Metrovia, opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the main projects was called Malecón 2000 [maleˈkon doz ˈmil], the renovation of the waterfront promenade (malecón) along the Guayas River. Another project was the creation of the Nuevo Parque Histórico, a park in a housing development area that is called Entre Ríos because it lies between the Daule and Babahoyo Rivers (which merge to form the Guayas River), in a mangrove wetland area. The park cost the city about US$7 million.

In 2013, the national government led by Rafael Correa built two pedestrian bridges connecting downtown Guayaquil, Santay Island, and the town of Durán, to allow people to make ecotourism trips and return the same day.

Geography

Guayaquil is the nation's largest city and the capital of Guayas Province. It is on the Guayas River about 60 kilometres (40 mi) north of the Gulf of Guayaquil, near the Equator.

Guayaquil is constantly facing tsunami and major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location near the Gulf of Guayaquil and the south of the North-Andean subduction zone.[13] The city can be easily damaged by earthquakes as its weak and compressible soil is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks and deposits in a brackish environment. Also, the city itself is strongly affected by the subduction of the active Ecuadorian margin, an intraplate region where active faults locate; and the Guayaquil-Babahoyo strike-slip fault system, formed as the North Andean Block drifts northward.[14] The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also is one of the major locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time. It has complex tectonic features such as the Posorja and the Jambeli –two major east–west trending detachment systems; the Puna-Santa Clara northeast-southwest trending fault system; and the Domito north-south trending fault system; that have developed since the Pleistocene times. Tsunami threats are only predicted for coastal farming zones, not the main populated areas.[15][16]

Guayaquil city sectors
Guayaquil's waterfront around 1920.
Gulf of Guayaquil.
Buildings in Puerto Santa Ana.
Historic buildings in the Parque Histórico.
Las Peñas neighborhood.
Guayaquil City Territorial Organization
Number of the sector in reference with the City Map
# Sectors # Sectors # Sectors
1 9 de Octubre Este 25 Febres Cordero 49 Prosperina
2 9 de Octubre Oeste 26 Floresta 50 Puerto Azul Norte
3 Abel Gilbert 27 La Florida 51 Puerto Azul Sur
4 Acuarela 28 García Moreno 52 Puerto Lisa
5 Los Álamos 29 Garzota 53 Quinto Guayas Este
6 Alborada Este 30 Guangala 54 Quinto Guayas Oeste
7 Alborada Oeste 31 Guasmo Este 55 Río Guayas
8 Los Almendros 32 Guasmo Oeste 56 Roca
9 Las Américas 33 Huancavilca 57 Rocafuerte
10 Atarazana 34 Isla Trinitaria 58 La Saiba
11 Ayacucho 35 Kennedy 59 Samanes
12 Bastión Popular 36 Letamendi 60 San Eduardo
13 Batallón del Suburbio 37 Luz del Guayas 61 Los Sauces
14 Bellavista 38 Mapasingue 62 Simón Bolívar
15 Bolívar 39 Miraflores 63 Sopeña
16 Los Ceibos 40 Monte Bello 64 Sucre
17 Centenario 41 Olmedo 65 Tarqui
18 Cerro del Carmen 42 Las Orquídeas Este 66 Unión
19 Cóndor 43 Las Orquídeas Oeste 67 Urdenor
20 Cuba 44 Paraíso 68 Urdaneta
21 Del Astillero 45 Pascuales 69 Urdesa
22 Estero Salado 46 Pedro Carbo 70 Los Vergeles
23 Los Esteros 47 Las Peñas 71 Ximena
24 La FAE 48 La Pradera 72 Mirador Norte

Here you can find the list of Neighborhoods and Parishes of Guayaquil

Demographics
Historical Populations Guayaquil City
Compared with Guayas Province, Canton of Guayaquil, and Guayaquil City[17]
Census Guayas Province Canton of Guayaquil Guayaquil City
1950 582,144 331,942 258,966
1962 979,223 567,895 510,804
1974 1,512,333 907,013 823,219
1982 2,038,454 1,328,005 1,199,344
1990 2,515,146 1,570,396 1,508,444
2001 4,509,034 2,148,779 1,985,379
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos
Percentage Population Growth of Guayaquil City
Compared with Guayas Province, Canton of Guayaquil, and Guayaquil City.[17]
Census Guayas Province Canton of Guayaquil Guayaquil City
1950–1962 4.34% 4.49% 5.67%
1962–1974 3.77% 4.06% 4.14%
1974–1982 3.52% 4.50% 4.44%
1982–1990 2.63% 2.10% 2.87%
1990–2001 2.49% 2.38% 2.50%
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos

Climate

Guayaquil features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Between January and April, the climate is hot and humid with heavy rainfall, especially during El Niño years when it increases dramatically and flooding usually occurs. The rest of the year (from May through December), however, rainfall is minimal due to the cooling influence of the Humboldt Current, with usually cloudy mornings and afternoons, and evening breezes. Guayaquil, along with most of the coastal region, was impacted by the April 16, 2016 earthquake of 7.8 magnitude. A bridge that was above a major artery, Avenida de las Americas, collapsed in the early evening of April 16, killing two people.

Climate data for Guayaquil
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.2
(99.0)		 35.4
(95.7)		 37.3
(99.1)		 35.8
(96.4)		 35.2
(95.4)		 35.0
(95.0)		 34.1
(93.4)		 34.7
(94.5)		 34.4
(93.9)		 35.1
(95.2)		 35.4
(95.7)		 36.7
(98.1)		 37.3
(99.1)
Average high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2)		 31.2
(88.2)		 32.2
(90.0)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.2
(88.2)		 29.8
(85.6)		 29.1
(84.4)		 29.7
(85.5)		 30.5
(86.9)		 30.2
(86.4)		 31.1
(88.0)		 31.8
(89.2)		 30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.1
(80.8)		 27.3
(81.1)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.8
(82.0)		 26.9
(80.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.0
(77.0)		 25.2
(77.4)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.6
(78.1)		 26.2
(79.2)		 27.1
(80.8)		 26.5
(79.7)
Average low °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.5
(74.3)		 22.6
(72.7)		 21.5
(70.7)		 20.8
(69.4)		 20.7
(69.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 20.9
(69.6)		 21.3
(70.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.0
(71.6)
Record low °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0)		 15.8
(60.4)		 19.9
(67.8)		 19.4
(66.9)		 18.5
(65.3)		 17.6
(63.7)		 17.0
(62.6)		 17.2
(63.0)		 17.2
(63.0)		 17.8
(64.0)		 17.0
(62.6)		 18.0
(64.4)		 15.8
(60.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 200.7
(7.90)		 332.0
(13.07)		 315.7
(12.43)		 207.7
(8.18)		 62.6
(2.46)		 34.0
(1.34)		 15.6
(0.61)		 1.2
(0.05)		 1.5
(0.06)		 5.6
(0.22)		 29.1
(1.15)		 68.0
(2.68)		 1,263.2
(49.73)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12 14 15 10 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 59
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[18]
Source 2: NOAA[19]

Food
Ecuadorian ceviche, made of shrimp, lime and tomato sauce

Typical Guayaquil cuisine includes mostly seafood dishes such as encebollado, ceviche, cazuela, and encocado (shrimp or tuna with a coconut sauce and rice).

During breakfast, Patacones and bolon (fried plantain with cheese mashed and given a rounded shape) play a big role. Pan de yuca is a typical snack in Guayaquil.

Notable people

Arts and literature

Ecuador is known for its artists and writers and for its place in art history. Many of them were born in Guayaquil, such as:

Others

Other notable people from Guayaquil include:

Education
Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil

Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil (Municipal Library of Guayaquil) serves as the public library of Guayaquil.[21] The city has several universities, including the University of Guayaquil (founded in 1867), the Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL), and the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo.

Religion

The largest religion in Guayaquil is Roman Catholicism.

Sports
Barcelona's Stadium Monumental, the 12th largest stadium in South America.

There are two major association football clubs; the Barcelona Sporting Club and the Club Sport Emelec. Each club has its own stadium; the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha is the home of the "Barcelonistas" while the Estadio George Capwell is the home of the "Emelecistas". These two teams have a long history of rivalry in Guayaquil and when these two teams play against each other the game is called "El Clásico del Astillero".

The city is the birthplace of Francisco Segura Cano; and Andrés Gómez and Nicolás Lapentti, Ecuador's two most famous tennis players, now both retired. The "Abierto de Tenis Ciudad de Guayaquil" is a tennis tournament organised in Guayaquil by Gómez and Luis Morejon, and held annually in November.

Another major event in the city is the Guayaquil Marathon, which has been held every year on the first weekend of October since 2005. These race is certified by the (AIMS) Association of International Marathons and Distance Races.

The sports & Ecological Park called Parque Samanes de Guayaquil is a park with courts for soccer, tennis, volleyball, and basketball, two lakes, a soccer stadium and an amphi theatre for open air concerts and events. It is connected to a forest reserve with trails for cycling and walking, as well as installations for Climbing and zip-lining.

Universities
ESPOL offices at night.

Some of Guayaquil's main universities are:

Notable places
Malecon 2000
Las Peñas neighborhood.

The Malecón 2000 is a restoration project of the historic Simón Bolívar Pier. It will be a symbolic centre of the city, a mix of green areas and shopping. The tall ship Guayas has its home base here.

The Palacio Municipal is located in front of the Malecón and holds the political offices of city and provincial officials. Built in a neoclassical style, it is considered one of the most important architectural works in the country.

El Barrio las Peñas is a neighbourhood in the northeast corner of the city centre; is the artistic centre of the city. Many of the area's 400-year-old houses have been converted into art galleries and several notable artists have studios in the area.

The Mercado Artesanal is the largest artisan market in the city. The market is housed in a 240-shop building that takes up an entire block.

Parque Centenario is located on Av. 9 de Octubre, between Lorenzo de Garaycoa and Pedro Moncayo. This is the largest park in the town centre, occupying four city blocks. A large Statue of Liberty dominates the central area of the park.

Parque Seminario (also known as Parque de Las Iguanas or Iguana Park) is home to many iguanas (Iguana iguana),[22] some of which approach 5 feet (1.5 m) in length. Tourists and locals alike often feed the iguanas mango slices from park vendors. An equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar is located in the centre of the park.

Urdesa is a traditional neighborhood, for stores and restaurants in Guayaquil .

There are a number of forest reserves in and around the city, among them Cerro Blanco Forest, nearby Parque Lago with a big lake where kayaking is practised, Cerro Colorado with the botanical garden, the forest reserve of Samanes, Cerro Paraíso with a viewpoint, the small park Palo Santo in the city, and at the outskirts Papagayo, Prosperina, and Bosqueira.[23] Close to the city there are Isla Santay and the Parque Histórico in Samborondón with a zoo.

Guayaquil Municipal Museum

Montañita (also known as "Little Amsterdam") is a small surfer town located in Santa Elena Península. Known for its nightlife, Montañita attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world (mainly Western Europe) with its incessant partying, affordable food and drinks, and its key location by the beach.

Transport

Guayaquil is located along national Highway 40 and is near Highway 25.

Among Guayaquil's major trading points are the seaport, the largest in Ecuador and one of the biggest handlers of shipping on the shores of the Pacific; and José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport.

José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport, though using the same runways, had its passenger terminal completely rebuilt in 2006 and was renamed. The old passenger terminal is now a convention centre.[24]

Guayaquil is served by a bus rapid transit system, Metrovia, which opened in 2006. The system has three lines and is supplemented by 35 feeder routes, carrying a total of 400,000 daily passengers.[25]

Sister cities

See also

References
  1. "Population Projections 2010-2020." Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Retrieved on January 12, 2019.
  2. July 25, is an official holiday in Guayaquil. Historians have not yet reached a consensus about the date of Guayaquil's foundation or founder. The city might have been founded more than once. Another possible founder might be Diego de Almagro.
  3. Encyclopedia Brittanica
  4. OnThisDay.com
  5. Guarda, Gabriel (1973). La economía de Chile Austral antes de la colonización alemana. Valdivia: Universidad Austral de Chile. pp. 45–47.
  6. León Sáenz, Jorge (2009), "Los astilleros y la indutria matitima en el Pacífico americano: Siglos XVI a XIX", Diálogos, Revista Electrónica de Historia, 10 (1): 44–90
  7. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18961128.2.71
  8. "Ecuador coronavirus: Bodies are being left in the streets in an overwhelmed city". msn.com. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  9. "Coronavirus nightmare in Ecuador's main city Guayaquil - pictures". BBC. April 17, 2020.
  10. Guayaquil y como el mercado siempre aparece: El retorno de los ‘informales’, Diario Expreso
  11. Proyecto de Regeneración Urbana de Guayaquil, artículo "¿Por qué Guayaquil requería regeneración urbana?" de la M. I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil
  12. Pheiffer, Evan (November 12, 2018). "E-Ecuador". The Business Year. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  13. Ioualalen, M.; Monfret, T.; Béthoux, N.; Chlieh, M.; Adams, G. Ponce; Collot, J.-Y.; Bustamante, C. Martillo; Chunga, K.; Navarrete, E. (May 9, 2014). "Tsunami mapping in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, due to local seismicity". Marine Geophysical Research. 35 (4): 361–378. doi:10.1007/s11001-014-9225-9. ISSN 0025-3235.
  14. Vera-Grunauer, X.; J.D., Bray; Pestana, J.M.; Kayen, R.; Tandazo, E.; Ramire, J.; Vera-Grunauer, J.G.; Mera-Ortiz, W. (2006). "Site Characterization and Seismic Zonation of Guayaquil City, Ecuador" (PDF). 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2006, v 16, p 9672-9681. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  15. Witt, César; Bourgois, Jacques; Michaud, François; Ordoñez, Martha; Jiménez, Nelson; Sosson, Marc (June 1, 2006). "Development of the Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador) during the Quaternary as an effect of the North Andean block tectonic escape". Tectonics. 25 (3): TC3017. doi:10.1029/2004TC001723. ISSN 1944-9194.
  16. Witt, César; Bourgois, Jacques (January 1, 2010). "Forearc basin formation in the tectonic wake of a collision-driven, coastwise migrating crustal block: The example of the North Andean block and the extensional Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes Basin (Ecuador-Peru border area)". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 122 (1–2): 89–108. doi:10.1130/B26386.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
  17. Evolución de la población de la provincia, Cantón Guayaquil, y de la Ciudad de Guayaquil – Guayas, Censo 2001, Según el Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos
  18. "World Weather Information Service - Guayaquil". Met Office. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  19. "WMO Normals - Guayaquil". NOAA. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  20. "ÉSE, SU GUAYAQUIL VIEJO" (PDF). Karinagalvez.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  21. "Inicio Archived March 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil. Retrieved on April 7, 2009.
  22. University of Guayaquil Web site retrieved on December 25, 2013.
  23. Conectar áreas naturales es el desafío de Guayaquil, Ricardo Zambrano, El Universo, July 23, 2017 (in Spanish)
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. "Metrovía pone en celulares datos sobre rutas y paradas" [Metrovía puts route and stop information on cell phones]. El Universo. March 16, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  26. http://legacy.sistercities.org/sites/default/files/Houston%2C%20TX%20-%20Guayaquil%2C%20Ecuador.pdf
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