Tropical savanna climate

Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories Aw (for a dry winter) and As (for a dry summer). The driest month has less than 60 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation and also less than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)}$ of precipitation.[1]^:200–1

Worldwide zones of Tropical savanna climate (Aw/As).

This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate, whose driest month sees less than 60 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation but has more than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)}$ of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season(s).

In tropical savanna climates, the dry season can become severe, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climates often feature tree-studded grasslands, rather than thick jungle. It is this widespread occurrence of tall, coarse grass (called savanna) which has led to Aw and As climates often being referred to as tropical savanna. However, there is some doubt whether tropical grasslands are climatically induced. Additionally, pure savannas, without trees, are the exception rather than the rule.

Versions

There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates:

• Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration. Most of the region's annual rainfall is experienced during the wet season and very little precipitation falls during the dry season.
• A lengthy dry season and a relatively short wet season. This version features seven or more dry season months and five or fewer wet season months. There are variations within this version:
  • On one extreme, the region receives just enough precipitation during the short wet season to preclude it from a semi-arid climate classification. This drier variation of the tropical savanna climate is typically found adjacent to regions with semi-arid climates.
  • On the other extreme, the climate features a lengthy dry season followed by a short but extremely rainy wet season. However, regions with this variation of the climate do not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate.
• A lengthy wet season and a relatively short dry season. This version features seven or more wet season months and five or fewer dry season months. This version's precipitation pattern is similar to precipitation patterns observed in some tropical monsoon climates but does not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to be classified as such.
• A dry season with a noticeable amount of rainfall followed by a rainy wet season. In essence, this version mimics the precipitation patterns more commonly found in a tropical monsoon climate, but do not receive enough precipitation during either the dry season or the year to be classified as such.

Distribution

Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands, in sections of North America and some islands in the Caribbean. Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. Similarly, the Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia – Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (ca. 4,000 km (2,485 mi)), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm (11.8 in) total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon, are the Orinoco river Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.

Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days, such as in Honolulu, Hawaii.[2] This may also be due to a rain shadow effect that cuts off summer precipitation in a tropical area. This is the case in East Africa (Mombasa, Kenya, Somalia), Sri Lanka (Trincomalee) and coastal regions of Northeastern Brazil (from Fortaleza through Natal to Maceió), for instance. The difference between 'summer' and 'winter' in such locations is usually so slight that a distinction between an As and Aw climate is a quibble. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of reduction of or lack of convection, which in turn is due to the meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the entire course of the year.

Cities with a tropical savanna climate

Accra, Ghana Bangkok, Thailand Barranquilla, Colombia Brasília , Brazil Cali, Colombia Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia Dili, East Timor Dhaka, Bangladesh Guayaquil, Ecuador Havana, Cuba Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Jaffna, Sri Lanka Kano, Nigeria Kingston, Jamaica Kigali, Rwanda Kolkata, India Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia Lagos, Nigeria Lahaina, Hawaii, United States Mandalay, Myanmar Maputo, Mozambique Mombasa, Kenya Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Nha Trang, Vietnam Phnom Penh, Cambodia Port-au-Prince, Haiti Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago Rio de Janeiro, Brazil San Salvador, El Salvador Sanya, Hainan, China Surabaya, Indonesia Tegucigalpa, Honduras Trincomalee, Sri Lanka Vientiane, Laos Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Some examples of tropical savanna climates

Accra, Ghana
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     15     31 23     33     31 24     56     31 24     81     31 24     142     31 24     178     29 23     46     27 23     15     27 22     36     27 23     64     29 23     36     31 24     23     31 24 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: BBC Weather[3]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.6     87 73     1.3     88 75     2.2     88 76     3.2     88 76     5.6     87 75     7     84 74     1.8     81 74     0.6     80 71     1.4     81 73     2.5     85 74     1.4     87 75     0.9     88 75 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     74     29 19     47     29 20     48     30 20     59     31 21     60     32 22     40     33 23     22     34 23     28     34 23     35     34 23     68     33 22     108     31 21     84     29 20 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: NOAA[4]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.9     84 67     1.9     85 67     1.9     86 68     2.3     87 70     2.4     89 72     1.6     92 73     0.8     92 74     1.1     93 74     1.4     93 73     2.7     91 72     4.3     87 70     3.3     85 68 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Brasília, Brazil
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     241     27 17     215     27 17     189     27 18     124     27 17     39     26 15     8.8     25 13     12     25 13     13     27 15     52     28 16     172     28 17     238     27 18     249     26 18 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: World Weather Information Service
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     9.5     80 63     8.5     80 63     7.4     81 64     4.9     80 62     1.5     78 59     0.3     77 56     0.5     77 55     0.5     81 58     2     83 61     6.8     82 63     9.4     80 64     9.8     79 64 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Darwin, Australia
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     466     32 25     373     32 25     335     32 25     108     33 24     25     32 23     2.3     31 20     1.2     31 20     5.8     32 20     18     33 23     65     34 25     137     34 26     276     33 26 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     18     89 77     15     89 77     13     90 76     4.2     91 76     1     90 73     0.1     87 68     0     87 67     0.2     89 69     0.7     91 74     2.6     92 77     5.4     92 78     11     91 78 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Mandalay, Myanmar
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     4     29 13     2     32 15     1     36 20     40     38 24     138     37 26     99     34 26     74     34 26     136     32 25     150     33 25     125     32 24     38     30 19     6     28 15 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.2     83 56     0.1     90 59     0     96 67     1.6     101 76     5.4     98 78     3.9     94 78     2.9     94 78     5.4     90 77     5.9     92 77     4.9     90 74     1.5     86 67     0.2     83 59 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     5.3     26 14     4.7     27 15     9.9     30 16     43     30 17     144     30 18     159     29 18     82     28 18     89     29 18     177     29 18     109     27 18     40     26 16     9.9     25 15 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: WMO[5]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.2     78 58     0.2     81 58     0.4     85 60     1.7     86 63     5.6     86 65     6.2     83 65     3.2     82 64     3.5     83 64     7     83 64     4.3     81 64     1.6     79 61     0.4     78 59 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

See also

• Tropics
• Köppen climate classification
• Tropical marine climate

References

1. McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "Climate Zones and Types". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-020263-5.
2. "Honolulu, Hawaii Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase.
3. "Average Conditions Accra, Ghana". BBC Weather. May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
4. "Station Name: MONTE CRISTI ... Country: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC". NOAA.
5. "Weather Information for Tegucigalpa, Country: HONDURAS". WMO.