Guk

Guk (국), also sometimes known as tang (탕; 湯), is a class of soup-like dishes in Korean cuisine. Guk and tang are commonly grouped together and regarded as the same type of dish, although tang can sometimes be less watery than guk.[1][2] It is one of the most basic components in a Korean meal, along with bap (밥, rice), and banchan (반찬, side dishes).[3][4] In Korean table setting, guk is served on the right side of bap (rice), and left side of sujeo (수저, a spoon and chopsticks).

For other uses, see Guk (disambiguation).
Guk
Soegogi-mu-guk (beef and radish soup)
Alternative namesTang
TypeSoup
Place of originKorea
Korean name
Hangul
국
Revised Romanizationguk
McCune–Reischauerkuk
IPA[kuk̚]
Hangul
탕
Hanja
湯
Revised Romanizationtang
McCune–Reischauert'ang
IPA[tʰaŋ]
This article is part of a series on
Korean cuisine
한국 요리
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Desserts
Hangwa

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Drinks
List of Korean drinks
Condiments
Utensils
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Guk is a native Korean word, while tang is a Sino-Korean word that originally meant "boiling water" or "soup". Tang has been used as an honorific term in place of guk, when it denotes the same meaning as guk as in yeonpo-tang (연포탕, octopus soup), daegu-tang (대구탕, codfish soup), or jogae-tang (조개탕, clam soup).[2][5] Generally, the names of lighter soups with vegetables are suffixed with -guk, while heavier, thicker soups made with more solid ingredients used in jesa (ancestral rites) are often referred to as tang.[1][2] Gamja-guk (potato soup) and gamja-tang (pork back-bone stew) are different dishes; the potato soup can be called gamjeo-tang.[5][6][7]

Types

Guk is largely categorized into four groups of soups, such as malgeun jangguk (맑은 장국), gomguk (곰국), tojangguk (토장국), and naengguk (냉국). Malgeun jangguk literally means "clear (malgeun, 맑은) soup (guk, 국) seasoned with a condiment (jang, 장)," such as doenjang (soy bean paste) or ganjang, and is served in a bansang (반상, regular meal table). The main ingredients for malgeun jangguk are meat, fish, vegetables, and seafoods. Gomguk, also called gomtang, refers to either a soup type made by boiling various beef parts such as rib, oxtail, brisket, head, and so forth for a long time, or made with ox bone by the same method. The broth of gomguk tends to have a milky color and to be rich and hearty taste. It can also be made with chicken or pork bone, to produce samgyetang or gamjatang.

Tojangguk are based on doenjang broth and ssaltteumul (쌀뜨물, leftover water after washing rice for cooking). The taste is usually savory and deep. Naengguk are cold soups usually eaten in summer. These soups are usually clean and tangy, such as with oi naengguk (오이냉국, cold cucumber) and miyeok naengguk (미역냉국, cold wakame soup). Kkaetguk (깻국, sesame soup), made with chicken and sesame seeds, is thick and serves to replenish and supplement nutrients during hot weather.

Malgeun jangguk
Jaecheopguk, small shellfish soup one of malgeun jangguk

Gomguk
Seolleongtang, one of the types of gomguk
  • Beef
    • Gomguk/gomtang (곰국/곰탕, Korean pronunciation: [koːmk͈uk, koːmtʰaŋ]):[18]
      • Sagol gomtang (사골곰탕), pale-bone broths garnished with oxtail or sliced brisket[19][20]
      • Kkori gomtang (꼬리곰탕), ox tail soup[21]
    • Seolleongtang (설렁탕): ox leg bone soup simmered for more than 10 hours until the soup is milky-white.[22] Usually served in a bowl containing somyeon and pieces of beef. Sliced scallions and black pepper are used as condiments
    • Galbitang (갈비탕), made with galbi or beef ribs[23]
    • Yukgaejang (육개장), beef soup with red chili flakes, soy sauce and bean sprouts[24]
    • Doganitang (도가니탕), soup from knuckles and bones[25]
  • Chicken and pork
    • Samgyetang (삼계탕), a soup made with Cornish game hens that are stuffed with ginseng, a hedysarum, glutinous rice, jujubes, garlic, and chestnuts; the soup is traditionally eaten in the summer[26]
    • Gamjatang (감자탕, "potato stew"), a spicy soup made with pork spine, vegetables (especially potatoes), and hot peppers; the vertebrae are usually separated, and the dish is often served as a late night snack but may also be served for lunch or dinner[27]
    • Dwaeji gukbap (돼지국밥), a representative regional hearty pork-parts soup with rice[28] of coastal Gyeongsang-do

Tojangguk
ugeojiguk

Tojangguk are eaten all year round. The term emerged in the 1930s in Korean cookbooks.[29]

Naengguk
cold cucumber wakame soup
cold soybean sprout soup

Naengguk refers to all kinds of cold soups, mainly eaten in summer. They are also called changuk (literally "cold soup") in pure Korean while the term naengguk is a combination of a Hanja word and a pure Korean word with the same meaning.[35] The first historical record on naengguk appears in a poem written by Yi Gyu-bo (1168–1241), a high officer of the Goryeo period (918–1392). Naengguk is referred to as "sungaeng" in the poem, which literally means sunchaeguk, soup made with sunchae (Brasenia schreberi). Yi praised its clear and plain taste.[36][37]

Naengguk is generally divided into two categories according to taste and ingredients. One group of naengguk is made by mixing chilled water and vinegar to give a sweet and sour taste; examples include miyeok naengguk made with wakame, oi naengguk made with cucumber, pa naengguk made with spring onions, nameul naengguk made with garlic, and gim naengguk made with gim or nori. The other group is made to supplement health and has rich tastes, such as chilled soup made with chicken, sesame, or soy bean.[36][37]

  • Miyeok naengguk (미역냉국), cold wakame soup[38]
  • Oi naengguk (오이냉국), cold cucumber soup[39]
  • Kkaetguk (깻국), hearty cold soup made with chicken and ground sesame seeds[40]
  • Naengkongguk (냉콩국), made with ground soybeans[41] and can be used for kongguksu
  • Kongnamul naengguk (콩나물냉국), made with kongnamul

Ingredients
  • Maeuntang (매운탕): a refreshing, hot and spicy fish soup.
  • Haejangguk (해장국): a favorite hangover cure consisting usually of meaty pork spine, ugeoji (우거지 dried napa cabbage) coagulated ox blood (similar to blood pudding), and vegetables in a hearty beef broth; legend has it that soon after World War II, the restaurant that invented this stew was the only place open in the Jongno district when the curfew at the time lifted at 4:00 AM
  • Haemultang (해물탕): made with various seafood
  • Haemuljaptang (해물잡탕), made with seafood and beef offal, once part of the Korean royal court cuisine
  • Altang (알탕): can be made with myeongran jeot (명란젓), salted and fermented Alaska pollack's roe seasoned with chili pepper or fresh roe
  • Chueotang (추어탕): made with Misgurnus mizolepis[42]
  • Yongbongtang (용봉탕): made with chicken, carp and softshell turtle[43]
  • Manduguk (만두국): mandu soup[44]
  • Wanjatang (완자탕): made with wanja (meatball-like jeon)[45]
  • Gyerantang (계란탕): soup made with eggs[46]
  • Ssukkuk (쑥국): made with ssuk (Artemisia princeps var. orientalis)[47]
  • Sundaeguk (순댓국): made with Sundae (or pork blood sausage) and sometimes it includes fatty pieces of intestine (gopchang), liver, lungs, bits of cartilage, and meat.[48]

Gukbap

Gukbap (국밥, Korean pronunciation: [kukp͈ap]) are dishes developed from guk. The term literally means "soup with rice." The dish is typically served in restaurants, and has become popular among the working class since the late Joseon Dynasty.[49]

  • Kongnamul gukbap (콩나물국밥), clear soybean sprout (kongnamul) soup with rice
  • Ttaro gukbap (따로국밥), a variety of yukgaejang, local specialty of Daegu[50]

See also

References
  1. "guk" 국. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  2. "tang" 탕. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  3. Pettid, Michael J. (2008). Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 55–57. ISBN 978-1-86189-348-2.
  4. "kuk, t'ang" 국, 탕. Chosŏn ryori (in Korean). Korean Association of Cooks. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  5. 최, 용기 (25 February 2008). "'국'과 '탕'". Hangul sarang, Seoul sarang (in Korean). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
  6. "gamja-guk" 감잣국. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  7. "gamja-tang" 감자탕. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  8. "Lunar New Years Tteokguk". The Korea Times. 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  9. "Miyeok-guk". Life in Korea. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  10. "Kongnamul-guk". Life in Korea. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  11. 무국 (in Korean). Encyclopedia of National and Ethnic Cultures. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  12. 감자국 (in Korean). Encyclopedia of National and Ethnic Cultures. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
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  17. 재첩국 (in Korean). Encyclopedia of National and Ethnic Cultures. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  18. Korean Food | Gomtang | Stew Meat & Tripe Soup
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  20. 엠파스 백과사전
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  23. "Galbi Tang (Short Rib Soup) Recipe". About.com. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
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  29. 엠파스 백과사전
  30. 시금치토장국 (in Korean). Donga. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  31. 아욱토장국(아욱국) (in Korean). RDA. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  32. Paik Jae-eun (Professor of Food and Nutrition, Bucheon University) (2008). "Soup (Guk) An Essential Part of the Korean Meal". Koreana. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
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  34. 다슬기국(고둥국) (in Korean). RDA. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
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  40. "Kkaetguk". HannaOne. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  41. "Quelques plats de Gyeonggi-do" (in French). Korea Tourism Organisation. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
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  49. 엠파스 백과사전
  50. 엠파스 백과사전

Further reading
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