North Korean cuisine

North Korea is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is bordered to the south by South Korea, and the two countries are separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Some dishes are shared by the two Koreas.

Various North Korean dishes and foods

Historically, Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in southern Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, it has gone through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.[1] Rice dishes and kimchi are staple Korean foods. In a traditional meal, they accompany both side dishes (Banchan) and main courses like juk, Bulgogi or noodles. Soju liquor is the best-known traditional Korean spirit.[2]

North Korean cuisine

P'yŏngyang-raengmyŏn (평양랭면) is a cold noodle dish.

Some North Korean dishes and foods are also prepared in South Korea, and a multitude of dishes that originated in North Korea were brought to South Korea by migrating families after the Korean War.[3] Many of these imported dishes became staples in the South Korean diet.[3]

In North Korea, some dishes vary in flavor compared to South Korean versions, with some North Korean dishes being less spicy and more varied in composition compared to South Korean preparations.[4][5] North Korean dishes have been described as having a unique and specific tanginess that is derived from using ingredients with flavors of sweet, sour, pungent and spicy, in combinations that create this effect.[6]

Some restaurants, particularly in Pyongyang, the capital city of North Korea, have expensive pricing relative to average worker wages in North Korea.[7][8] Accessibility to restaurants is not always available to average North Korean citizens, with tourists and rich citizens being the primary patrons at some of them, particularly upscale ones.[7][8] Per their pricing, upscale restaurants are typically only available to well-paid leaders of the North Korean government, tourists visiting the country, and the emerging affluent middle class of donju in the country.[9][10] Donju means "masters of money", and the donju typically hold positions in the government, positions operating state-owned businesses outside of the country, and positions involving bringing investments and the importation of products into the country.[11][12][13][14]

Some street foods exist in North Korea, such as in Pyongyang, where vendors operate food stalls.[15][16][17] North Korea's first pizzeria opened in 2009.[18] Alcoholic beverages are produced and consumed in North Korea, and the country's legal drinking age is 18.[19]

North Korean dishes and foods

An example of gajami sikhae, a fermented and salted food prepared in North Korea using flounder

• Barley[6]
• Beef rib soup[20]
• Bellflower[21]
• Chapch'ae[22]
• Chicken[23]
• Chinese cabbage stew[24]
• Jokbal – consists of pig's trotters cooked with soy sauce and various spices.[3] Additional ingredients can include onion, leeks, garlic, cinnamon and black pepper.[3]
• Cookies[17]
• Corn – it is not uncommon for North Koreans to grind corn, often including the corn cobs and husks to extend the mixture[6]
• Edible mushrooms – such as wild pine mushrooms[6]

An example of kimbap

• Gajami shikhae – a fermented and salted food prepared in North Korea using flounder and additional ingredients such as quinoa, garlic, ginger and chili flakes.[3]
• Herbs and greens – used as an ingredient and in salads[6]
• Hot pot[21]

An example of chokbal

• Kimbap[22]
• Kimchi – very common in North Korea, it is consumed as both a condiment and as a side dish, and often accompanies every meal.[5][25][22][26][27][6] Kimchi is relied upon by North Koreans during the winter months when fresh vegetables are unavailable.[6]
  • Kkakdugi – diced radish kimchi
• Kogi bap – a rice dish with artificial meat, it is a popular North Korean street food[16]
  • Injo kogi – sausages prepared using soybeans and other ingredients.[16]
  • Injo kogi bap - cooked rice wrapped in a skin of leftover soybean paste.
• Korean chestnut[21]
• Mandu – various dumplings, mandu styles vary in different regions of North Korea[3]
• Meats – meat consumption tends to be rare in North Korea, and most citizens only have access to meats during the public holidays of the birthdays of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il, when extra meat is included in government rations provided to North Koreans.[6] Meats that are consumed include mostly pork, rabbit and occasionally goat.[6] Beef consumption is essentially not allowed in North Korea, but very limited consumption of small amounts of beef is permitted, which is sometimes used in stews or soups.[6]
• Millet[28]
• Miyŏk-kuk – a nutritious vegetable soup prepared with seaweed[22]

Raengmyŏn served at Okryu-gwan restaurant in Pyongyang, North Korea

• Noodles and noodle dishes[29] – in North Korean culture, long noodles represent a long life or a long marriage, and long noodles are served to people at weddings.[27]
  • Beef noodle soup[25]
  • Corn noodles[30][31]
  • Raengmyŏn – referred to as "naengmyeon" in South Korea, it is a traditional Korean cold noodle dish that is prepared using buckwheat noodles in North Korea.[26][32][27] In North Korea, additional ingredients in the dish typically include some slices of meat, dried egg and hot sauce.[27] The noodles are prepared using the flour and starch from ingredients such as buckwheat, potatoes and sweet potatoes.[3] Some variations of the dish in North Korea is to include raw fish, cucumber, radish and Asian pear.[33][6] Some North Koreans state that raengmyŏn originated in North Korea, and that it was introduced to South Korea by North Koreans who emigrated to South Korea after the Korean War occurred.[33]
  • Ramen – referred to as "curly noodles" in North Korea.[30] Shin Ramyun is a brand of instant noodles produced in South Korea that is nicknamed "money ramen" in North Korea, due to its relatively expensive pricing in North Korea at around 800 won per unit.[30] In 2009, boxes of Shin Ramyun that contain twenty packages of ramen per box costed around 30,000 North Korean won, which in North Korea is expensive, and therefore not available to most North Korean citizens at this price.[lower-alpha 1]
  • Rice noodles[24]

P'ajŏn: pictured is haemulp'ajŏn, a seafood scallion pancake

• P'ajǒn[25]
• Panch'an – side dishes that accompany full meals, panch'an dishes are typically spicy, salty or tangy, and many are fermented, which adds flavor.[5] Restaurants in North Korea typically charges for these accompaniments[25]
• Pheasant[24][35]
• Pibimpap – white rice with vegetables and other ingredients[25][22][28]
  • Tolsot pibimpap[25] – hot stone pot pibimpap
• Pickled cucumber[21]
• Pindae-ttŏk – a fried green bean pancake prepared using mung beans, green onion and kimchi.[20][22][3] Pindae-ttŏk first appears under the name binjatteok in the Eumsik dimibang, a cooking encyclopedia written in the 1670s by Jang Gye-hyang, the wife of a public officer.
• Porridge – A staple food in North Korea[5]
• Potatoes and potato dishes.[28][6] See also: potato production in North Korea.
• Pulgogi – marinated and grilled beef[22][28]
• Quail eggs and quail egg jelly[24]
• Rice[20][28] – short-grain rice is a staple food in North Korea.[5]
• Rice cakes[6]
• Seafood – seafood dishes and raw seafood are a part of the cuisine, and seafood is a staple food in North Korea[5][25]
  • Alaska pollock[36]
  • Clams[5][6]
  • Cod[5]
  • Kimbap sushi[22]
  • Gray mullet fish soup[20]
  • Octopus[24]
  • Salmon and raw salmon[25]
• Seaweed[6]
• Shinsŏllo[20]

An example of kangjǒng

• Snack foods – examples of snack foods produced within North Korea include kangjǒng, cookies, puffy snacks and cotton candy pieces.[17]
• Sundae – traditional Korean sausages that are a popular street food[16]
• Sungŏ-kuk
• Tangogikuk – traditional soup with dog meat as a primary ingredient[22][37][38][27][39][24]
• Tofu – a staple food in North Korea[5][21][29]
  • Tofu bap – a tofu and rice dish that is a common street food in North Korea.[16]
• Tot'ori-muk – acorn jelly[6]
• Ttŏk – sticky rice cakes, sometimes with fillings[22]
• Turkey[21]
• Yakpap – a traditional sweet dish prepared using steamed glutinous rice, chestnuts, dates, honey and other ingredients[26]

• North Korean dishes and foods
• 
  Tangogikuk
• 
  Dolsot bibimbap
• 
  Unseasoned dotori-muk
• 
  Mapo tofu originated in China, and is consumed in North Korea
• 
  Tteok in Pyongyang, North Korea
• 
  Yakbap
• 
  Some typical foods in North Korea
• 
  Street food vendors in Pyongyang, North Korea
• 
  Dried pollock at the Rakwon Paradise Microbrewery. Dried pollock is a typical bar snack in some areas of North Korea.
• 
  Lunch at a restaurant in Pyongyang
• 
  Lunch at a restaurant in Kaesong
• 
  North Korean foods
• 
  Foods at a restaurant in Pyongyang
• 
  Covered dishes at Tongil restaurant in Kaesong
• 
  Dishes at Tongil restaurant in Kaesong
• 
  A North Korean propaganda poster stating, "Breed more rabbits and let our soldiers enjoy plentiful food!"

Condiments

Koch'ujang is a red chili pepper paste

Some condiments used in North Korea to add flavor to foods are listed below.

• Bean paste[5]
• Garlic[5]
• Ginger[5]
• Gochujang – prepared as a sauce and as a red pepper paste[5][25][21]
• Pepper flakes[5]
• Sesame oil[5]
• Soy sauce[40]

Beverages

Taech'u-ch'a tea

• Bottled water is imported from China, and is typically consumed by the donju, "the new affluent middle class" in North Korea.[9] "Shindŏk' Saemmul" is a spring water produced in North Korea, but it is exported to countries in Southeast Asia, and is typically not available in the North Korean market.[9]
• Coffee[41]
  • Instant coffee – some instant coffee in North Korea is produced within the country[42]
• Ginseng tea – a common beverage in North Korea[43]
• Soft drinks – soft drink bottlers exist in North Korea, such as the Wonbong Trading Co. in Pyongyang.[44] Soft drink products produced within North Korea are sometimes labeled as "carbonated sweet water".[17] Sometime in 2017, Air Koryo, North Korea's flagship airline, began offering its own brand of soft drinks on flights to and from Beijing, China.[44][45] Air Koryo soft drinks are also purveyed at some North Korean grocery stores.[42] Coca-Cola bottled in China is available in upscale grocery stores in Pyongyang, and Pepsi bottled in China is also available, although it is rare compared to Coca-Cola's availability.[44]
• Ryongjin Cocoa - a North Korean own brand cola made and canned in the country
• Taech'u-ch'a – a traditional Korean tea prepared with jujube and a pine nut garnish[22][46]

• 
  Coffee beans and an espresso machine at a coffee shop located next to the Pyongyang Hotel in Pyongyang, North Korea
• 
  A coffee drink at Helmut Sachers Kaffee in Pyongyang, North Korea

Alcoholic beverages

Alcoholic beverages are consumed in North Korea, and drinking is a part of the culture of North Korea.[47] North Korea's legal drinking age is 18, but minors are sometimes allowed to consume alcoholic beverages, and some shop keepers readily sell them alcoholic drinks.[19] Some North Koreans brew and distill alcoholic beverages at home, despite such home alcohol production being forbidden in North Korea, and some sell these beverages to markets, although this is also illegal.[19] Home brewed liquor is made using ingredients such as potatoes and corn.[19] Some North Korean consumers purchase alcoholic beverages directly from alcohol-producing factories in the country, using cash.[19] In recent times, imported Chinese liquor has been allowed to be sold in markets, and a well-known Chinese liquor purveyed in North Korea is Kaoliang Liquor, which has a 46-50% alcohol content.[19]

North Korea has some bars and other drinking establishments, and in recent times, beer halls have become popular in Pyongyang.[48][49][19]

A glass of Taedonggang pilsner beer

• Beer is produced in North Korea, and craft beer production has increased in recent times.[50] The major breweries in the country are Taedonggang Brewing Company, Paradise Microbrewery and the Yanggakdo Hotel Microbrewery.[51] In August 2016, the Taedonggang Brewing Company held the country's first beer festival, which included several Taedonggang varieties and other local beers.[52][53] Local beers at the festival included rice beer and dark beers.[52]
  • Beer brands produced in North Korea
    • Pohak
    • Ponghak
    • Pyongyang
    • Rakwon ("Paradise")
    • Ryongsong
    • Samgak ("Delta")
    • Taedonggang – brewed by the state-owned Taedonggang Brewing Company based in Pyongyang[22] In 2017, Taedonggang was the most popular beer in North Korea.[27]
• Makkŏlli – a specialty rice wine with a milky appearance, it is common in the countryside of North Korea[22][27] Makgeolli is produced using the same process used for the production of soju, and typically has a lower alcohol content compared to soju.[27] It is considered by some to be inferior compared to soju.[27]
• Rice liquor – rice-based liquor is consumed by more North Koreans compared to beer.[54]
• Rice wine – glutinous rice wine is a specialty alcoholic beverage in North Korea[21]
• Soju – referred to as nongtaegi in North Korea, soju is a clear specialty spirit prepared from sweet potato or barley in North Korea.[19][25][22] It is similar to sake.[22] In North Korea, soju's alcohol content ranges from 18 to 25 percent.[27]
• Whisky - in 2019 North Korea created its first batch of homemade whisky. Samilpo Whisky has been designed to resemble Johnnie Walker to aid brand recognition for North Koreans[55]

• North Korean alcoholic beverages
• 
  The karaoke room bar in the Masikryong Hotel, located at the Masikryong Ski Resort in North Korea
• 
  Street food vendors selling draft beer at the 10th Pyongyang Autumn International Trade Fair
• 
  Craft beer at the Taedonggang Microbrewery No. 3 in Pyongyang, North Korea
• 
  An example of makgeolli

See also

• Korean regional cuisine
• Korean cuisine
• List of Korean dishes
• List of Korean desserts
• List of Korean drinks
• North Korean famine

Notes

1. "In North Korea it is only the high-ranking government officials and military officers who can afford to give and receive boxes of Shin Ramyun as a present," – stated to Radio Free Asia by a Seoul-based North Korean defector.[34]

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21. 장, 밥을 주식으로 하고 국과. "조선료리". 조선료리 (in Korean). Retrieved May 17, 2017.
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24. Hassig, R.; Oh, K. (2015). The Hidden People of North Korea: Everyday Life in the Hermit Kingdom. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4422-3719-3. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
25. Hu, Elise (September 5, 2016). "Would You Like A Side Of Propaganda? Lunch At A North Korean Restaurant". NPR. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
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44. Talmadge, Eric (April 20, 2017). "Coca-Cola bubbling up in North Korea - and it's (usually not) the Real Thing". Toronto Star. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
45. Wong, Sue-Lin; Pearson, James (May 8, 2017). "Made in North Korea: As tougher sanctions loom, more local goods in stores". Reuters. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
46. 헤럴드경제 (February 18, 2011). "Korean teas, not just green". The Korea Herald. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
47. Kim, M. (2010). Escaping North Korea: Defiance and Hope in the World's Most Repressive Country. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7425-5733-8. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
48. Fullerton, Jamie (March 29, 2017). "Munchies in North Korea: Sinking Pints in Pyongyang's Beer Bars". Vice. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
49. Hunwick, Robert Foyle (2013-09-04). "Getting Drunk in North Korea". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
50. Volodzko, David (August 11, 2016). "The Rise of South Korea's Craft Brewing Scene". Vice. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
51. Steadman, Ian (May 12, 2017). "'Kim Jong-Ale': North Korea's surprising microbrewery culture explored". Wired UK. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
52. Ji, Dagyum (August 16, 2016). "Plastered in Pyongyang: North Korea launches its first beer festival". The Guardian. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
53. Evans, Stephen (September 12, 2016). "Sneaking a taste of North Korea's finest beer". BBC News. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
54. Herskovitz, Jon (March 10, 2008). "Brewing beer, Communist style, in North Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
55. "North Korea launches its own whisky". BBC News. 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2020-06-18.

Further reading

• Winn, Patrick (May 6, 2016). "What's behind the restaurants North Korea runs around the world? Kitsch — and perhaps recordings". Public Radio International. Retrieved May 20, 2017.

External links

• "Table the Politics and Bite Into North Korean Cuisine at 'Pyongyang Okryu'". Khaosod English. December 11, 2015.
• Media related to Cuisine of North Korea at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Meals in North Korea at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Beverages in North Korea at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Beers of North Korea at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Restaurants in North Korea at Wikimedia Commons