Hardtack Teak

HARDTACK-Teak was an exoatmospheric high altitude nuclear weapon test performed during Operation Newreel.[2] It was launched from Johnston Atoll on a Redstone missile.[3] On 1 August 1958, the 3.88 Mt (16.2 PJ) shot detonated at an altitude of 76.8 km (252,000 ft; 47.7 mi).

Hardtack Teak
Information
CountryUnited States
Test seriesOperation Newreel[1]
Test siteJohnston Atoll
Date1 August 1958 (1958-08-01)
Test typeExoatmospheric
Yield3.88 megatons of TNT (16.2 PJ)

Along with HARDTACK-Orange it was one of the two largest high-altitude nuclear explosions.

Planning

The 3.8-megaton detonation was planned to occur at an altitude of 76,000 m (250,000 ft) above a point approximately 9.7 km (6 mi) south of Johnston Island. However, due to a programming failure, it burst directly above the island at the desired altitude, making the island the effective ground zero. This brought the explosion 610 m (2,000 ft) nearer the launch site control and analysis crews than intended.

Top: A facility on Johnston Island prior to the burst.
Bottom: The facility immediately after the burst at an altitude of 76.8 km (47.7 mi).

The Teak test was originally planned to be launched from Bikini Atoll, but Lewis Strauss, chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission opposed the test because of fears that the flash from the nighttime detonation might blind Islanders who were living on nearby atolls. He finally agreed to approve the high-altitude test on the condition that the launch point be moved from Bikini Atoll to the more remote site at Johnston Island.[4]

According to the United States Defense Nuclear Agency report (DNA6038F) on Operation Hardtack I:[5]

Johnston Island was well situated for the high-altitude tests because of its isolation, the nearest inhabited island being 866 kilometres (538 mi) away. On the other hand, operations there had to consider aircraft and ship routes from Hawaii to Asia, as well as the close-in hazards of missile launch in a confined area and the firing of missiles over water areas used for ship anchorage.
That the hazard of primary concern is flashblindness and/or retinal burn expected to result from the programmed detonation. This hazard is calculated to extend to a range of 435 statute miles at the surface . . .

Effects
Location of test explosion that occurred above Johnston Island in Pacific Ocean

When the warhead burst at 76.8 km (47.7 mi; 251,968.5 ft) directly above Johnston Island, the flash effectively turned night into day, as shown in the image to the right. The initial glow faded over a period of about 30 seconds. The thermal radiation output of the explosion was such that observers were forced to take cover in the "shade" for the first few moments, as can be seen in film footage of the test.[6]

Teak caused communications impairment over a widespread area in the Pacific basin. This was due to the injection of a large quantity of fission debris into the ionosphere. The debris prevented normal ionospheric reflection of high-frequency (HF) radio waves back towards Earth, which disrupted most long-distance HF radio communications. The nuclear detonation occurred at 10:50 UTC on 1 August 1958 (which was 11:50 p.m., Johnston Island local time, on 31 July 1958).[7]

According to the book Defense's Nuclear Agency 1947–1997, when the Teak detonation occurred:[8]

The Apia Observatory in Western Samoa approximately 2,000 miles to the south described the ". . . violent magnetic disturbance," which heralded ". . . the most brilliant manifestation of the Aurora Australis [Southern Lights] ever seen in Samoa."  The resulting persistent ionization of the low-density atmosphere cut high frequency radio communications with New Zealand for six hours.
In Hawaii, where there had been no announcement of the test, the TEAK fireball turned from light yellow to dark yellow to orange to red. . . . The red glow remained clearly visible in the southwestern sky for half an hour. In Honolulu, military and civilian air traffic communications were interrupted for several hours. At the AFSWP’s Armed Forces Special Weapons Project offices in the Pentagon, Admiral Parker grew concerned for the personnel on Johnston Island as hour after hour passed with no word regarding the test. Finally, some eight hours after TEAK had occurred, the word that all was well came from Alvin Luedecke, the commander of Joint Task Force 7 and soon to be General Manager of the AEC. The communications blackout worried others as well. Later AFSWP learned that one of the first radio messages received at Johnston Island once communications were restored was:  "Are you still there?"

According to page 269 of the Defense Nuclear Agency report on Operation Hardtack:[9]

The detonation spread a layer of fission debris in the upper atmosphere and destroyed the ability of the normally ionized layers of the upper atmosphere to bend radio waves back to the Earth, thus cutting many trans-Pacific high-frequency communications circuits. This blackout lasted 9 hours in Australia and at least 2 hours in Hawaii. Honolulu telephone service was apparently not affected; the Honolulu police registered over 1,000 extra calls that night as startled residents asked for information on what they had seen.

According to civilian observer reports contained in the official United States Defense Nuclear Agency report on Operation Hardtack I:[10]

A Honolulu resident described the burst in a page-1 story in the 1 August Honolulu Star-Bulletin:
I stepped out on the lanai and saw what must have been the reflection of the fireball. It turned from light yellow to dark yellow and from orange to red.
The red spread in a semi-circular manner until it seemed to engulf a large part of the horizon.
A cloud rose in the center of the circle. It was quite large and clearly visible. It remained visible for about a half-hour.
It looked much closer than Johnston Island. The elevation of the circle was perhaps 20° above the horizon.
Other descriptions in the same issue emphasized the red feature that appeared. From Mt. Haleakala on Maui, observers reported that this red shell appeared to pass overhead about 40 minutes after the detonation.

References
  1. https://www.nnss.gov/docs/docs_LibraryPublications/DOE_NV-209_Rev16.pdf
  2. https://www.nnss.gov/docs/docs_LibraryPublications/DOE_NV-209_Rev16.pdf
  3. Operation HARDTACK Military Effects Studies Part III: High Altitude Tests (1958), Department of Defense documentary film, Lookout Mountain Laboratory USAF.
  4. Defense's Nuclear Agency, 1947–1997 (PDF). Defense Threat Reduction Agency. 2002. p. 139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  5. Operation Hardtack I, 1958, DNA6038F, ADA136819 (PDF). 1958. pp. 259–60.
  6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLbyY76zt9w?t=47
  7. Hoerlin, Herman "United States High-Altitude Test Experiences: A Review Emphasizing the Impact on the Environment" Report LA-6405, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. October 1976 Retrieved 2009-10-25
  8. Defense's Nuclear Agency 1947–1997. Page 140. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 2002 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. Operation Hardtack I, 1958, DNA6038F, ADA136819 page 269
  10. Operation Hardtack I, 1958, DNA6038F, ADA136819 page 266

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