Operation Julin

The United States's Julin nuclear test series[1] was a group of 7 nuclear tests conducted in 1991–1992. These tests [note 1] followed the Operation Sculpin series, and were the last before negotiations began for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

Julin
Equipment being lowered for the "Divider" test
Information
Country	United States
Test site	NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat
Period	1991-1992
Number of tests	7
Test type	underground shaft, tunnel
Max. yield	100 kilotonnes of TNT (420 TJ)
Test series chronology

List of the nuclear tests

United States' Julin series tests and detonations

Name [note 2]	Date time (UT)	Local time zone [note 3][2]	Location [note 4]	Elevation + height [note 5]	Delivery [note 6] Purpose [note 7]	Device [note 8]	Yield [note 9]	Fallout [note 10]	References	Notes
Lubbock	October 18, 1991 19:12:00.0	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U3mt 37.06338°N 116.04616°W	1,213 m (3,980 ft) - 457.2 m (1,500 ft)	underground shaft, weapons development		53 kt	Venting detected, 0.1 Ci (3.7 GBq)	[1][3][4][5][6]
Junction	March 26, 1992 16:30:00.0	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U19bg 37.27241°N 116.36065°W	2,013 m (6,604 ft) - 622 m (2,041 ft)	underground shaft, weapons development		100 kt		[1][5][6]	Treaty verification test.
Diamond Fortune	April 30, 1992 16:30:00.0	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U12p.05 37.23413°N 116.15823°W	1,656 m (5,433 ft) - 236 m (774 ft)	tunnel, weapon effect		3 kt	Venting detected, 0.2 Ci (7.4 GBq)	[1][4][5][6]
Victoria	June 19, 1992 16:45:00.0	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U3kv 37.00537°N 116.01101°W	1,179 m (3,868 ft) - 244 m (801 ft)	underground shaft, weapons development		80 t		[1][5][6][7]
Galena-Green - 3	June 23, 1992 15:00:00.07	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U9cv 37.12384°N 116.03232°W	1,269 m (4,163 ft) +	underground shaft, safety experiment		less than 5 kt		[1][5][6]	Simultaneous, same hole.
Galena-Orange - 2	June 23, 1992 15:00:00.07	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U9cv 37.12384°N 116.03232°W	1,269 m (4,163 ft) +	underground shaft, safety experiment		less than 5 kt		[1][5][6]	Simultaneous, same hole.
Galena-Yellow - 1	June 23, 1992 15:00:00.072	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U9cv 37.12384°N 116.03232°W	1,269 m (4,163 ft) - 400 m (1,300 ft)	underground shaft, weapons development		less than 5 kt		[1][5][6]	Simultaneous, same hole.
Hunters Trophy	September 18, 1992 17:00:00.078	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U12n.24 37.20687°N 116.21085°W	1,827 m (5,994 ft) - 385.3 m (1,264 ft)	tunnel, weapon effect		4 kt	Venting detected, 1 Ci (37 GBq)	[1][3][4][5][6]
Divider	September 23, 1992 15:04:00.0	PST (-8 hrs)	NTS Area U3ml 37.02063°N 115.98878°W	1,208 m (3,963 ft) - 426 m (1,398 ft)	underground shaft, weapons development		5 kt	Venting detected, 0.1 Ci (3.7 GBq)	[1][4][5][6]	Last U.S. nuclear test; "test to ensure safety of deterrent forces".

1. A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief. "Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom, LLC. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
3. To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
4. Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
5. Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
6. Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
7. Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
8. Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
9. Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
10. Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

1. Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
2. "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
3. Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998), Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
4. Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1) (PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrieved October 31, 2013
5. Official list of underground nuclear explosions, Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994, retrieved December 18, 2013
6. United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrieved December 18, 2013
7. Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrieved October 26, 2013