IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the fifth in a series of such reports. The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation.

Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change
   
IPCC Assessment Reports:
First (1990)
1992 supplementary report
Second (1995)
Third (2001)
Fourth (2007)
Fifth (2014)
Sixth (2022)
IPCC Special Reports:
Emissions Scenarios (2000)
Renewable energy sources (2012)
Extreme events and disasters (2012)
Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018)
Climate Change & Land (2019)
Ocean & Cryosphere (2019)
UNFCCC | WMO | UNEP

The Fifth Assessment Report was finalized in 2014. As had been the case in the past, the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports, in particular representatives from governments. Governments and organizations involved in the Fourth Report were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel.[1] The report was delivered in stages, starting with Working Group I's report on the physical science basis, based on 9,200 peer-reviewed studies.[2][3] The summaries for policy makers were released on 27 September 2013 for the first report,[4] on 31 March 2014 for the second report entitled "Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability",[5] and on 14 April 2014 for the third report entitled "Mitigation of Climate Change".[6] The Synthesis Report was released on 2 November 2014,[7] in time to pave the way for negotiations on reducing carbon emissions at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris during late 2015.

Current status
Global Emissions by Economic Sector

The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) consists of three Working Group (WG) Reports and a Synthesis Report. The first Working Group Report was published in 2013 and the rest were completed in 2014.

  • WG I: The Physical Science Basis – 30 September 2013, Summary for Policymakers published 27 September 2013.[4]
  • WG II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – 31 March 2014
  • WG III: Mitigation of Climate Change – 15 April 2014
  • AR5 Synthesis Report (SYR) – 2 November 2014

The AR5 provides an update of knowledge on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of climate change.

More than 800 authors, selected from around 3,000 nominations, were involved in writing the report. Lead authors' meetings and a number of workshops and expert meetings, in support of the assessment process, were held. A schedule of AR5 related meetings, review periods, and other important dates was published.[8]

On 14 December 2012, drafts of the Working Group 1 (WG1) report were leaked and posted on the Internet.[9] The release of the summary for policymakers occurred on 27 September 2013.[4] Halldór Thorgeirsson, a UN official, warned that, because big companies are known to fund the undermining of climate science, scientists should be prepared for an increase in negative publicity at the time. "Vested interests are paying for the discrediting of scientists all the time. We need to be ready for that," he said.[10]

Marking the finalization of the Physical Science Basis UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon addressed the IPCC at Stockholm on 27 September 2013. He stated that "the heat is on. We must act". Jennifer Morgan, from the World Resources Institute, said "Hopefully the IPCC will inspire leadership, from the Mom to the business leader, to the mayor to the head of state."[11] US Secretary of State John Kerry responded to the report saying "This is yet another wakeup call: those who deny the science or choose excuses over action are playing with fire."[12]

Authors and editors

In March 2010, the IPCC received approximately 3,000 author nominations from experts around the world. At the bureau session held in Geneva, 19–20 May 2010, the three working groups presented their selected authors and review editors for the AR5. Each of the selected scientists, specialists and experts was nominated in accordance with IPCC procedures, by respective national IPCC focal-points, by approved observer organizations, or by the bureau. The IPCC received 50% more nominations of experts to participate in AR5 than it did for AR4. A total of 559 authors and review editors had been selected for AR4 from 2,000 proposed nominees. On 23 June 2010 the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts who were drawn from fields including meteorology, physics, oceanography, statistics, engineering, ecology, social sciences and economics. In comparison to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), participation from developing countries was increased, reflecting the ongoing efforts to improve regional coverage in the AR5. About 30% of authors came from developing countries or economies in transition. More than 60% of the experts chosen were new to the IPCC process, bringing fresh knowledge and perspectives.

Climate change 2013: report overview

On 23 June 2010, the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts. The working group reports would be published during 2013 and 2014. These experts would also provide contributions to the Synthesis Report published in late 2014.[1]

The Fifth Assessment Report (Climate Change 2013) would be released in four distinct sections:

  • Working Group I Report (WGI): Focusing on the physical science basis and including 258 experts.
  • Working Group II Report (WGII): Assessing the impacts, adaptation strategies and vulnerability related to climate change and involving 302 experts.
  • Working Group III Report (WGIII): Covering mitigation response strategies in an integrated risk and uncertainty framework and its assessments carried out by 271 experts.
  • The Synthesis Report (SYR): Final summary and overview.

Working group I contribution

The full text of Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis was released in an unedited form on Monday, 30 September 2013. It was over 2,000 pages long and cited 9,200 scientific publications.[3] The full, edited report was released online in January 2014 and published in physical form by Cambridge University Press later in the year.[13]

Summary for Policymakers

A concise overview of Working Group I's findings was published as the Summary for Policymakers on 27 September 2013. The level of confidence in each finding was rated on a confidence scale, qualitatively from very low to very high and, where possible, quantitatively from exceptionally unlikely to virtually certain (determined based on statistical analysis and expert judgement).[14]

Likelihood scale used in the report
Term Likelihood of the outcome
Virtually certain 99–100 % probability
Extremely likely 95–100 % probability
Very likely 90–100 % probability
Likely 66–100 % probability
More likely than not 50–100 % probability
About as likely as not 33 to 66% probability
Unlikely 0–33 % probability
Very unlikely 0–10 % probability
Extremely unlikely 0–5 % probability
Exceptionally unlikely 0–1 % probability

The principal findings were:[4]

General
  • Warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal. Many of the associated impacts such as sea level change (among other metrics) have occurred since 1950 at rates unprecedented in the historical record.
  • There is a clear human influence on the climate
  • It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.
  • IPCC pointed out that the longer we wait to reduce our emissions, the more expensive it will become.[15]
Historical climate metrics
  • It is likely (with medium confidence) that 1983–2013 was the warmest 30-year period for 1,400 years.
  • It is virtually certain the upper ocean warmed from 1971 to 2010. This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.
  • It can be said with high confidence that the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been losing mass in the last two decades and that Arctic sea ice and Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover have continued to decrease in extent.
  • There is high confidence that the sea level rise since the middle of the 19th century has been larger than the mean sea level rise of the prior two millennia.
  • Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased to levels unprecedented on earth in 800,000 years.
  • Total radiative forcing of the earth system, relative to 1750, is positive and the most significant driver is the increase in CO
    2    's atmospheric concentration.
Models

AR5 relies on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), an international effort among the climate modeling community to coordinate climate change experiments.[16] Most of the CMIP5 and Earth System Model (ESM) simulations for AR5 WRI were performed with prescribed CO
2 concentrations reaching 421 ppm (RCP2.6), 538 ppm (RCP4.5), 670 ppm (RCP6.0), and 936 ppm (RCP 8.5) by the year 2100. (IPCC AR5 WGI, page 22).

  • Climate models have improved since the prior report.
  • Model results, along with observations, provide confidence in the magnitude of global warming in response to past and future forcing.
Projections
  • Further warming will continue if emissions of greenhouse gases continue.
  • The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios
  • The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.
  • The oceans will continue to warm, with heat extending to the deep ocean, affecting circulation patterns.
  • Decreases are very likely in Arctic sea ice cover, Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover, and global glacier volume
  • Global mean sea level will continue to rise at a rate very likely to exceed the rate of the past four decades
  • Changes in climate will cause an increase in the rate of CO
    2     production. Increased uptake by the oceans will increase the acidification of the oceans.
  • Future surface temperatures will be largely determined by cumulative CO
    2    , which means climate change will continue even if CO
    2     emissions are stopped.

The summary also detailed the range of forecasts for warming, and climate impacts with different emission scenarios. Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.[17][18]

In August 2020 scientists reported that observed ice-sheet losses in Greenland and Antarctica track worst case scenarios of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report's sea-level rise projections.[19][20][21][22]

Other

Climate model simulations in support of AR5 use a different approach to account for increasing greenhouse gas concentrations than in the previous report. Instead of the scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios the models are performing simulations for various Representative Concentration Pathways.

Public debate after the publication of AR4 in 2009 put the IPCC under scrutiny, with controversies over alleged bias and inaccuracy in its reports. In 2010, this prompted U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and IPCC chair Rajendra K. Pachauri to request that the InterAcademy Council (IAC) review the IPCC and recommend ways to strengthen its processes and procedures for the preparation of AR5. The IAC report made recommendations to fortify IPCC's management structure, to further develop its conflict-of-interest policy, to strengthen the review process, to clarify the guidelines on the use of so-called gray literature, to ensure consistency in the use of probabilities for the likelihood of outcomes, and to improve its communications strategy especially regarding transparency and rapidity of response.[23]

Current documents

Condensed versions

The Climate and Development Knowledge Network has produced region-specific toolkits for policy makers, practitioners, journalists and teachers based on the findings in the Fifth Assessment Report. They include summary reports which distill the key findings of the IPCC report; as well as media materials such as infographics, slideshow presentations and images which can be used for training, educational and reporting purposes. The four toolkits that have been developed are:

Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
Main article: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C

The IPCC published their "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C" on October 8, 2018.[24]

See also

References
  1. "IPCC website". IPCC. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  2. Nesbit, Jeff (2013). "Settled Science".
  3. Readfearn, Graham (27 September 2013). "Planet Ozblog badge Previous Blog home IPCC climate change report by numbers". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  4. "Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis".
  5. "Threat from global warming heightened in latest U.N. report". Reuters. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  6. "Climate change report: reactions to the final instalment of the IPCC analysis" in The Guardian
  7. "Fossil fuels should be 'phased out by 2100' says IPCC". BBC. 2 November 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  8. "Activities: Fifth Assessment report". IPCC. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  9. Andrew C. Revkin (13 December 2012). "Leak of Climate Panel Drafts Speaks to Need for New Process". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  10. Harvey, Fiona; Readfern, Graham (20 September 2013). "Big business funds effort to discredit climate science, warns UN official". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  11. Doyle, Alister (26 September 2013). "Climate change stars fade, even if risks rise". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  12. Harvey, Fiona (27 September 2013). "IPCC climate report: 'the heat is on – we must act'". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  13. "IPCC PRESS RELEASE" (PDF). IPCC. 27 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  14. M. D. Mastrandrea, C. B. Field, T. F. Stocker, O. Edenhofer, K. L. Ebi, D. J. Frame, H. Held, E. Kriegler, K. J. Mach, P. R. Matschoss, G.-K. Plattner, G. W. Yohe, and F. W. Zwiers, Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties Archived 27 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2010.
  15. Climate dollars and sense – preventing global warming is the cheap option The Guardian 22 April 2014
  16. "CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project". WCRP World Climate Research Programme. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  17. McGrath, Matt (27 September 2013). "IPCC climate report: humans 'dominant cause' of warming". BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  18. Gillis, Justin (27 September 2013). "Climate Panel Says Upper Limit on Emissions Is Nearing". New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  19. "Sea level rise from ice sheets track worst-case climate change scenario". phys.org. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  20. "Earth's ice sheets tracking worst-case climate scenarios". The Japan Times. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  21. "Ice sheet melt on track with 'worst-case climate scenario'". www.esa.int. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  22. Slater, Thomas; Hogg, Anna E.; Mottram, Ruth (31 August 2020). "Ice-sheet losses track high-end sea-level rise projections". Nature Climate Change. 10 (10): 879–881. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0893-y. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 221381924. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  23. "InterAcademy Council Report Recommends Fundamental Reform of IPCC Management Structure". InterAcademy Council. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  24. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (Report). Incheon, Republic of Korea: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
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