Intangible Cultural Property (Japan)

An Intangible Cultural Property (無形文化財, mukei bunkazai), as defined by the Japanese government's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (1950), is a part of the Cultural Properties[note 1] of high historical or artistic value such as drama, music, and craft techniques. The term refers exclusively to human skills possessed by individuals or groups which are indispensable to produce Cultural Properties.[1]

Items of particular importance can be designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties (重要無形文化財, jūyō mukei bunkazai).[1] Recognition is also given to the owners of an item to encourage its transmission.[2] There are three types of recognition: individual recognition, collective recognition, and group recognition. Special grants of two million yen a year are given to individual holders (the so-called National Living Treasures[2]) to help protect their properties. The government also contributes part of the expenses incurred either by the holder of an Intangible Cultural Property during training of his successor, or by a recognized group for public performances.[2]

To promote the understanding, and therefore the transmission across generations, of Cultural Properties, exhibitions concerning them are organized. The government through the Japan Arts Council also holds training workshops and other activities to educate future generations of noh, bunraku, and kabuki personnel.[2]

Important Intangible Cultural Properties

Performance Traditions
Type Name Comments Registered Image
Ko-ryūTenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū (天真正伝香取神道流)[3]1960
GagakuGagaku (雅楽)[4][5]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 20091955
NohKyōgen (狂言)[6]1967
NohShite-kata (能シテ方)[7]1955
NohWaki-kata (能ワキ方)[8]1994
NohNōgaku (能楽)[9][10]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 20081957
NohHayashi-kata: kotsuzumi (能囃子方小鼓)[11]1998
NohHayashi-kata: taiko (能囃子方太鼓)[12]1992
NohHayashi-kata: ōtsuzumi (能囃子方大鼓)[13]1998
NohHayashi-kata: fue (能囃子方笛)[14]2009
BunrakuNingyō jōruri bunraku (人形浄瑠璃文楽)[15][16]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 20081955
BunrakuShamisen (人形浄瑠璃文楽三味線)[17]1985
BunrakuNingyō (人形浄瑠璃文楽人形)[18]1977
BunrakuTayū (人形浄瑠璃文楽太夫)[19]1971
KabukiKabuki (歌舞伎)[20][21]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 20081965
KabukiNagauta (歌舞伎音楽長唄)[22]1998
KabukiHayashi (歌舞伎音楽囃子)[23]1998
KabukiTachiyaku (歌舞伎立役)[24]1960
KabukiWakiyaku (歌舞伎脇役)[25]1997
KumiodoriKumiodori (組踊)[26][27]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 20101972
KumiodoriUta - sanshin (組踊音楽歌三線)[28]2005
KumiodoriTachikata (組踊立方)[29]2006
MusicItchū-bushi (一中節)[30]1993
MusicItchū-bushi shamisen (一中節三味線)[31]2001
MusicItchū-bushi jōruri (一中節浄瑠璃)[32]1999
MusicOgie-bushi (荻江節)[33]1993
MusicKatō-bushi (河東節)[34]1993
MusicKatō-bushi shamisen (河東節三味線)[35]2009
MusicKatō-bushi jōruri (河東節三味線)[36]1994
MusicGidayū-bushi (義太夫節)[37]1980
MusicGidayū-bushi shamisen (義太夫節三味線)[38]1998
MusicGidayū-bushi jōruri (義太夫節浄瑠璃)[39]1999
MusicMiyazono-bushi (宮薗節)[40]1993
MusicMiyazono-bushi jōruri (宮薗節浄瑠璃)[41]2007
MusicShakuhachi (尺八)[42]1982
MusicTokiwazu-bushi (常磐津節)[43]2007
MusicTokiwazu-bushi shamisen (常磐津節三味線)[44]1992
MusicTokiwazu-bushi jōruri (常磐津節浄瑠璃)[45]1995
MusicShinnai-bushi shamisen (新内節三味線)[46]2001
MusicShinnai-bushi jōruri (新内節浄瑠璃)[47]2001
MusicKiyomoto-bushi shamisen (清元節三味線)[48]2003
MusicKiyomoto-bushi jōruri (清元節浄瑠璃)[49]2003
MusicJiuta (地歌)[50]2009
MusicNagauta (長唄唄)[51]1974
MusicNagauta shamisen (長唄三味線)[52]1987
MusicNagauta narimono (長唄鳴物)[53]1993
MusicRyūkyū's classical music (琉球古典音楽)[54]2000
MusicSōkyoku (箏曲)[55]1993
BuyōKabuki-buyō (歌舞伎舞踊)[56]1955
BuyōKyō-buyō (京舞)2015
BuyōRyūkyū-buyō (琉球舞踊)[57]2009
EntertainmentClassic Rakugo (古典落語)[58]1995
EntertainmentKōdan (講談)[59]2002

Crafts
Medium Name Comments Region Registered Image
CeramicsBizen-yaki (備前焼)[60][61][62][63]High-fired, unglazed stoneware; one of the six ancient kilns; production in and around Imbe village from the twelfth centuryOkayama Prefecture2004
CeramicsHakuji (白磁)[62][64]Undecorated white porcelain; influenced by Chinese examples; production began in the Arita area in the first half of the seventeenth century1995
CeramicsIro-Nabeshima (色鍋島)[65][66]A type of iro-e overglaze enamel, often with a blue under-glaze; from the domain of the Nabeshima clan; production from the second half of the seventeenth centurySaga Prefecture1976
CeramicsKakiemon (nigoshide) (柿右衛門 (濁手))[62][66][67][68]A type of iro-e overglaze enamel; created by Sakaida Kakiemon in the 1640s; nigoshide, the white ground against which the enamels are applied, was revived by Sakaida Kakiemon XII in the 1950sSaga Prefecture1971
CeramicsMumyōi-yaki (無名異焼)[69][70][71]Mumyōi is the red ferrous clay of Sado island; production in Aikawa from the early nineteenth centuryNiigata Prefecture2003
CeramicsOnta ware (小鹿田焼)[72][73][74]Thick slipware; production in Hita from the early eighteenth century; one of the 100 Soundscapes of JapanŌita Prefecture1995
CeramicsSeto-guro (瀬戸黒)[62][75][76]Black Seto; the colour is obtained by removing the glazed vessel from the kiln at the height of firing and cooling it rapidly; production in Mino Province from the late sixteenth centuryGifu Prefecture
CeramicsSeiji (青磁)[62][77]The pale-green colour of celadon is obtained from a feldspathic glaze and reduction firing; introduced from the continent2007
CeramicsShino (志野)[62][78][79][80]Stoneware with a white feldspathic glaze; production in Mino Province from the late sixteenth centuryGifu Prefecture1994
CeramicsTetsuyū-tōki (鉄釉陶器)[81]Iron-glaze stoneware2005
CeramicsYūri-kinsai (釉裏金彩)[62][82]Gold leaf or gold enamel is applied to a glazed surface which is then glazed and fired again, enhancing the durability of the decoration2001
TextilesIse-katagami (伊勢型紙)[83]Paper stencilsMie Prefecture1993
TextilesKijōka-bashōfu (喜如嘉の芭蕉布)[84][85]banana fibre clothOkinawa Prefecture1974
TextilesKumejima-tsumugi (久米島紬)[86]pongee/kasuriOkinawa Prefecture2004
TextilesKurume-kasuri (久留米絣)[87]Fukuoka Prefecture1957
TextilesMiyako-jōfu (宮古上布)[88]Okinawa Prefecture1978
TextilesTate-nishiki (経錦)[85][89]Vertical brocade of ancient origin, revived by Kitamura Takeshi2000
TextilesYūki-tsumugi (結城紬)[90][91]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 20101956
TextilesKenjō Hakata weave (献上博多織)[92]Fukuoka Prefecture2003
TextilesEdo komon (江戸小紋)[85][93]Edo fine pattern; stencil resist dyeing technique popular in the Edo period1978
TextilesBingata (紅型)[85][94]Stencil or resist paste weave; in the eighteenth century its use by commoners was restrictedOkinawa Prefecture1996
TextilesSaga-nishiki (佐賀錦)[85][95]Brocade that developed in the early nineteenth century and was widespread by the early twentiethSaga Prefecture1994
TextilesEmbroidery (刺繍, Shishū)[96]1997
TextilesShuri weave (首里の織物)[97]Okinawa Prefecture1998
TextilesOjiya-chijimi - Echigo-jōfu (小千谷縮・越後上布)[98][99]Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2009Niigata Prefecture1955
TextilesSeigō Sendai-hira (精好仙台平)[100]Miyagi Prefecture2002
TextilesTsumugi weave (紬織)[85][101]Woven from hand-spun silk floss1990
TextilesBashōfu (芭蕉布)[85][102]Bashō-fibre clothOkinawa Prefecture2000
TextilesMokuhanzuri-sarasa (木版摺更紗)[103]2008
TextilesMonsha (紋紗)[104][105]Figured gauze weave silk
TextilesYūzen (友禅)[85][106][107]Paste-resist dyeing; perfected around 1700 by Miyazaki Yūzen1955
TextilesYūsoku weave (有職織物)[108]1999
TextilesRa (羅)[85][109][110]A form of gauze weave; examples are found in the Shōsōin1995
LacquerwareChinkin (沈金)[111][112][113][114]Incised and filled with gold leaf or powder applied over wet lacquer; popular in China from the Song dynasty and particularly associated with Wajima ware1999
LacquerwareKinma (蒟醤)[112][115][116]Incised and colour-filled; introduced from the continent, prized in the Muromachi period, and perfected around Takamatsu in the Edo period1985
LacquerwareKyūshitsu (髹漆)[117][118]Sequential lacquering technique with four main phases: substrate, priming, intermediate coating, and top coating1974
LacquerwareMaki-e (蒔絵)[112][119][120]Sprinkled picture decoration using metallic powder or pigment; dates to the Heian period1955
LacquerwareRaden (螺鈿)[112][121][122]Shell (Mother-of-pearl, abalone, nautilus) inlay1999
LacquerwareWajima-nuri (輪島塗)[114][123][124]A mixture of burned diatomaceous earth, rice paste, and lacquer is used for the layers of undercoat; the earliest example, the doors of Juzo Jinja, date to 1524Ishikawa Prefecture1977
MetalworkMetal chasing (彫金, chōkin)[125][126]Several engraving techniques have been practised since the dōtaku of the Yayoi period1978
MetalworkMetal casting (鋳金, chūkin)[127][128]Several casting techniques have been practised since the dōtaku of the Yayoi period, including lost-wax casting1993
MetalworkSword Polishing (刀剣研磨, tōken kenma)1975
MetalworkDora (銅鑼)[129]Gongs2002
MetalworkRepoussé (鍛金, tankin)[130][131]1995
WoodworkingBamboo-work (竹工芸, ちくこうげい)[132]1982
WoodworkingWood-work (木工芸, もくこうげい)[133]1984
DollsIshō-ningyō (衣裳人形)[134][135]Costume dolls, dressed in tailored clothing made from dyed and woven textiles1986
DollsTōso-ningyō (桐塑人形)[135][136]Paulownia sawdust, mixed with wheat starch and plum paste, is used to form a plaster for casting; once dry it is hard enough to be sculpted2002
WashiEchizen-hōsho (越前奉書)[137][138][139]High-quality paper, used for official orders since the Muromachi period; paper-making in the region is known from the EngishikiFukui Prefecture2000
WashiHon-Minogami (本美濃紙)[140][141]Mulberry paper from Mino Province; records in the Shōsō-in refer to three paper-making regions: Chikuzen Province, Buzen Province, and Mino ProvinceGifu Prefecture1969
WashiHosokawa-shi (細川紙)[142]1978
WashiNajio-ganpishi (名塩雁皮紙)[143][144]Made from the ganpi plantHyōgo Prefecture2002
WashiSekishū-banshi (石州半紙)[145][146]The strongest paper produced in Japan; used for shōji, calligraphy, and conservation-restoration; inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2009Shimane Prefecture1969
WashiTosa-tengujōshi (土佐典具帖紙)[147][148]A very-fine, strong paper developed around 1900 by Genta YoshiiKōchi Prefecture2001

See also

Notes
  1. In this article, capitals indicate an official designation as opposed to a simple definition, e.g "Cultural Properties" as opposed to "cultural properties".

References
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