Iraqi diaspora in Europe

There have been many waves of refugees and emigrants from Iraq since the late 1970s until the present. Major events the modern history of Iraq resulted in the flight of what are now millions of Iraqis: more than three decades of repression and occasional violent attacks and massacres against the Kurdish population in the north and the Shi'a in the south perpetrated by Saddam Hussein's regime, the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988, the 1991 Gulf War, the economic sanctions that lasted from 1991 until the toppling of Saddam Hussein, and the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq.[1]

By 2008, the continuous violence that unfolded since US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 has displaced a total of 4.7 million people: 2.7 million are internally displaced persons (IDPs), and the remaining 2 million have fled the country in search of refuge. Iraqis have become the third largest refugee population after the Afghans and the Palestinians. "That means that more than 15 per cent of Iraq's population has been displaced, one out of every six."[1]:1 The majority of these 2 million refugees have found haven in Jordan and Syria, which have kept their borders open for those Iraqis who want to flee the country. However, neither Syria nor Jordan have signed the 1951 Refugee Convention and address the Iraqis not as refugees, but as "guests" on the basis of Arab solidarity. Most Iraqis are not allowed to work and are pushed into the informal labor sector which comes with a host of legal problems and opens the door to exploitative labor practices. In addition, their access to public services is relative and under constant revision.[1]:6–7[2] Due to the large influx of Iraqis that were arriving to Syrian and Jordan in 2007, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) established that year a resettlement program in Damascus and Amman. By October 2009, the UNHCR reported that it had referred more than 82,500 refugees for resettlement in industrialized countries, 75 per cent of which were resettled in the United States and the remaining 25 per cent in Canada, Australia and a lesser number in European countries. However, only 33,000 persons of the 82,500 cases mentioned above had completed the resettlement process by 2009.[3]

Europe has hosted an important population of Iraqi exiles since the 1980s with the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War. In particular, the Iraqi diaspora has had a strong presence in the UK, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands (which has hosted refugees since the 1991 Gulf War). Nevertheless, Europe's performance in addressing the refugee crisis that resulted from the US-led invasion of Iraq has been widely criticized by the UNHCR, which denounced the small number of asylum applicants accepted by the EU. By the end of 2008, only 10 per cent of the Iraqi refugees resettled by the UNHCR were hosted by EU countries, mainly Sweden and the Netherlands.[4] The UK—a country that not only had historically hosted a large number of Iraqi refugees but one that had also participated in the invasion of Iraq—granted refugee status or complementary protection to only 8.7 percent of the Iraqi asylum-seekers in 2005, a significant decrease if considered that from 1997 to 2001 that rate averaged 44 percent.[1]:107 In 2007, the UN called on western nations to accept more Iraqi refugees, signaling specifically the US and the UK and adding that the latter should "take the lead in Europe by immediately announcing a program to resettle some of the Iraqi refugees currently living in the most difficult conditions".[5] After 18 months of pressure by the UNHCR, the EU reached a (non-binding) agreement in November 2008 for accepting up to 10,000 Iraqi refugees, giving special treatment to those living in extreme conditions in Syria and Jordan.[4] Yet, unpleasant living and working conditions for Iraqi refugees in Jordan continue to trigger their further migration to Europe.[6]

According to the UNHCR, every asylum-seeker than comes from the central and southern regions of Iraq should be granted refugee status.[7] However, many European countries are not following these guidelines and argue that the post-war situation in these areas of Iraq is not enough for qualifying Iraqis as refugees. These discrepancies about the current situation of violence in Iraq—which has important political connotations, especially for those countries that participated in the invasion—and whether Iraqis are eligible for protection or not has enabled some countries not only to reject asylum applications, but also to repatriate asylum-seekers back to Iraq.[1]:107–110 The UNHCR has repeatedly condemned the UK, Sweden, the Netherlands and Norway, among other European countries, for forcibly repatriating Iraqis when the situation back in their homeland is still not safe for them. UNHCR's spokesman in Geneva, Adrian Edwards, said in September 2010 that "[w]e strongly urge European governments to provide Iraqis with protection until the situation in their areas of origin in Iraq allows for safe and voluntary returns. In this critical time of transition, we also encourage all efforts to develop conditions in Iraq that are conducive to sustainable and voluntary return".[8]

The EU does not have a unified system towards asylum-seekers. In 2000 Brussels announced the establishment of a Common European Asylum System that, however, has not been fully applied. A UNHCR research paper, "Fortress Europe and the Iraqi 'intruders': Iraqi asylum-seekers and the EU, 2003–2007," points out that the only commonality among EU countries lies on their efforts for preventing refugees from reaching their territory in the first place. First, the EU does not accept the 'S' series passport—the most common one in Iraq—, but require the 'G' series one, which are only issued in one office situated in Baghdad. Second, if the valid series of passport is obtained, the step is obtaining a visa, a process that is "virtually impossible".[9] Third neither coalition troops based in Iraq nor embassies in Iraq accept petitions for asylum. Therefore, Iraqis who want to reach Europe are left with two options. They can either access the UN resettlement program by arriving to Damascus or Amman and wait indefinitely for being resettled; or they can try to reach Europe illegally. The majority of Iraqis that enter the EU illegally do so through Greece, either by land crossing the Greco-Turkish border, or by reaching one of the numerous Greek islands by sea. Once in Greece, the majority travels to northern European countries and applies for refugee status from there. The estimated cost of this second and illegal option is around $10,000, an expensive alternative that only those with financial means can afford.[9] In addition to the UNHCR, the European Council on Refugees and Exiles along with human rights groups have denounced the EU's strict policies, which force many Iraqis to undertake long, dangerous and expensive journeys in order to find refuge in Europe.[10] These tough policies executed by the EU result in a small number of asylum petitions: out of the many hundreds of thousands of Iraqis who sought resettlement in third countries from 2003 to 2007, only 60,000 had applied for asylum in the EU.[9]

Current number of Iraqis in all countries
Rank Country Capital Centres of Iraqi population No. of Iraqis Further info
1  United Kingdom London London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Derby, Cardiff and Glasgow. 250,000[11][12] Iraqis in the United Kingdom
2  Germany Berlin Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg 150,000[13] Iraqis in Germany
3  Turkey Ankara Ankara, Istanbul 60,000–90,000 Iraqis in Turkey
4  Sweden Stockholm Stockholm (Södertälje), Malmö[14] 135,129[15] Iraqis in Sweden
5  Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht 43,000 (0.3%) Iraqis in the Netherlands
6  Finland Helsinki Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Espoo, Vantaa 32,778 (0.6%) Iraqis in Finland
7  Greece Athens Athens 5,000–40,000[16] Iraqis in Greece
8  Norway Oslo Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Bærum, Trondheim, Drammen, Kristiansand, Fredrikstad, Asker[17] 30,144 (2014)[18] Iraqis in Norway
9  Denmark Copenhagen Copenhagen 12,000[19] Iraqis in Denmark
10  Belgium Brussels Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, Leuven 10,000-15,000[19] Iraqis in Belgium
11  Austria Vienna Vienna 5,000–10,000[19] Iraqis in Austria

Present-day Iraqi diaspora communities in Europe

Austria

The total Austrian population of Iraqi refugees is around 5,627[20]

Belgium

The total Belgium population of Iraqi refugees is around 13,000.[20]

Bulgaria

The total Bulgarian population of Iraqi refugees is around 1,200.[20]

Denmark

Denmark has been a strong host nation to Iraqi refugees, where there are approximately 12,000.[19] Iraqis are one of the largest Arab ethnic groups living in Denmark. This is partially due to the large number of Kurds who have emigrated from northern Iraq.

Finland

The number of Iraqis in Finland is 32,778, which is the fourth largest in Europe, after Sweden, Germany and the UK.[21]

France

The current population of Iraqis in France is estimated at around 8,200..[22]

Some reports claim that there are 1,300 Iraqi refugees living in France.[20]

France is set to host 500 Iraqi Christian refugees.

Germany
Main article: Iraqis in Germany

The number of Iraqis in Germany is estimated at around 150,000.[13] In 2006, out of 2,727 asylum applications for Iraqi refugees, only 8.3 percent were accepted.[23] Some sources claim there to be just around 40,000 Iraqi refugees residing in Germany.[24] In 2006, Germany granted just 8.3 percent of Iraqi asylum demands, according to the ministry.[25]

In 2006, Germany received 2,117 applications for asylum from Iraqis, which is the third highest number in the EU. The country is already home to a sizeable Iraqi population, many of whom were granted protection by the German authorities after fleeing persecution from Saddam Hussein's former regime. However, the recognition rate for Iraqis has fallen from an average of 57 per cent between 1997 and 2001, to a mere 11 per cent for the year 2006, which is one of the lowest in the European Union.[14]

However, Germany has adopted another policy towards Iraqi refugees which has distinguished it from all other EU states, the German Federal Ministry of the Interior has taken the unique step of systematically revoking the refugee status of thousands of Iraqis who were granted protection before 2003. Since the threat of persecution from the Iraqi Ba'ath regime is no longer present, 18,000 Iraqi refugees who entered the country before the 2003 invasion have thus had their refugee status revoked, placing them in a situation of uncertainty and precariousness. In June 2007, the German government asked the asylum authorities to temporarily suspend the revocation of refugee status for certain groups of Iraqis such as those from Baghdad, single women, and members of religious minorities such as Christians.[14]

It was estimated in April 2007 that 14,000 Iraqis were living with 'tolerated status' in Germany, with the threat of possible imminent deportation hanging over them.

Greece
Main article: Iraqis in Greece

Greece is the most common entry point into the EU for Iraqis. A large proportion enter the country after a treacherous journey across the quasi-border separating Central and Southern Iraq from the northern regions, from where they cross the mountains into Turkey. Thereafter, they continue along the same routes as thousands of illegal migrants, arriving at one of the Greek islands by speedboat or crossing the Greek–Turkish land border. From Greece, Iraqis generally travel on before making an asylum claim, either to the northern European countries, or to Madrid, Spain from where the USA or Latin America can be reached.[14]

Hungary

Approximately 1,200 Iraqi refugees have immigrated to Hungary.[20]

Ireland

Sources claim there to be 340 Iraqi refugees living in Ireland.[20]

Italy

The current population of Iraqis in Italy stands at around 1,300; however one source claims there to be 1,068, which is approximately 50 families.[20] Most of these are priests, nuns and seminarians who have come to pursue their studies in Italy.[26] The majority are residents of Rome.

There have been recent appeals from the Iraqi community living in Italy to free any Italian and Iraqi Italian residents currently working in Iraq.[27]

In November 2007, 800 Iraqi Kurds sought refugee in Italy, of which only 20 of them applied for asylum and the other received 15-day expulsion orders.[28]

Norway
Main article: Iraqis in Norway

Netherlands
Main article: Iraqis in the Netherlands

Romania

As of 2019, there are at least 3.000 Iraqi-born people living in Romania.[29]

Russia

Significant groups of Iraqis have emigrated to Russia as early as the 1990s.[30] Iran credits Russia with being one of the first countries to provide concrete assistance in processing Iraqi refugees; Russia's Emergency Situations Ministry began preparing two sites for refugee camps in western Iran in April 2003.[31] However, Iraqis admitted to Russia often find themselves the targets of racism; as with Afghan refugees, they are mistaken for migrants from the Caucasus, who are stereotyped in Russia as drug dealers and criminals.[30]

Spain

The current population of Iraqis in Spain is unknown; however, since the Iraq War, Spain has been host to 45 Iraqi refugees. An additional 42 Iraqis requested asylum in 2006.[32] There are roughly about 3,700 asylum seekers in Spain, and a further 642 Iraqis hold residency permits.[33]

Iraqi immigration to Spain accounted for 1,706 permanent residents in the year 2006.

Sweden
Main article: Iraqis in Sweden

Switzerland

The current population of Iraqis in Switzerland is estimated to be around 5,000. However, the Swiss government is currently closing doors to future Iraqi refugees, and offering to send external aid instead. Christoph Blocher, the Swiss Justice and Police Minister, stated that "We already have 5,000 Iraqis in Switzerland and our country is in second place in Europe in accepting them".[34][35]

Turkey
Main article: Iraqis in Turkey

Turkish citizens of Iraqi heritage currently number around 60,000-90,000. Turkey currently hosts 600 recognized Iraqi refugees. The Turkish government had approved Iraqi asylum seekers in 2001 by a rate of 78 percent.[36] In September 2004 only 407 Iraqis applied to the UNHCR for asylum in Turkey.[37] As of June 2006, UNHCR in Ankara had registered only 2,404 Iraqis as asylum seekers in Turkey.[38]

Most Iraqi refugees living in Turkey are Christian, mainly Chaldean Catholics, and often face indifference by their Turkish counterparts.[37]

References
  1. Sassoon, Joseph (2009). The Iraqi Refugees: The New Crisis in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris.
  2. "Iraq: Refugees Under Pressure in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  3. UNHCR. "Iraqi Resettlement Update". 16 October 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  4. "Europe ready to accept 10,000 Iraqis". BBC News. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  5. "Un Urges Western Nations to Do More for Fleeing Iraqis". Deutsche Welle. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  6. Dankwah, Kwaku Opoku and Marko Valenta (2018). "Mixed fragmented migration of Iraqi refugees and challenges to Iraqi refugee integration". Middle Eastern Studies. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1387852. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. "UNHCR calls for refugee status for Iraqis fleeing Southern and Central Iraq". UNHCR. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  8. "UNHCR concerned at continuing deportations of Iraqis from Europe". UNHCR. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  9. Sperl, Markus (1 October 2007). "Fortress Europe and the Iraqi 'intruders': Iraqi asylum-seekers and the EU, 2003-2007". Research Paper No.144. UNHCR. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  10. "Five years on Europe is still ignoring its responsibilities towards Iraqi refugees" (PDF). European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 1 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  11. BuzzMachine » Blog Archive » You expected maybe the Donald Rumsfeld fan club?
  12. Iraqis far from home sign up to vote - International Herald Tribune
  13. "Population pressures". ecre.org. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  14. "Iraqis in Europe" (PDF). unhcr.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  15. "Sweden tightens rules on Iraqi asylum seekers". unhcr.org. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  16. "Iraqi community in Greece" (PDF). unhcr.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  17. http://www.ssb.no/innvbef/tab-2007-05-24-11.html
  18. http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2009-04-30-01.html
  19. Germany accepts Iraqi refugees Archived 2007-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
  20. Irakische Community von Vielfalt geprägt
  21. https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/international-migration-report-2017.html
  22. FRANCE AND BRITAIN KEEPING IRAQI REFUGEES OUT
  23. The Iraqi Exodus:Number of Iraqi refugees in Germany Surges
  24. "Iraqi refugees in European nations". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  25. Refugees find Germany "1000 times better than Iraq"
  26. ""Asia News" states that there are 1,068 ethnic Iraqis living in Italy". asianews.it. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
  27. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2008-02-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. "Migration News - Migration Dialogue". Archived from the original on 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  29. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination
  30. Cienski, Jan (1994). "Chilly reception for refugees in Russia". Refugee Magazine. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (98).
  31. "Russia Agreed First to Receive Iraqi Refugees". Pravda. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  32. UNHCR | Iraq Archived 2008-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
  33. UNHCR | Iraq
  34. People's Daily Online - Switzerland decides against more refugees from Iraq
  35. Report on Displaced Iraqis
  36. Situation Reports: Iraq, Overview of numbers and conditions of Iraqi refugees in the Middle East and internally displaced persons in Iraq
  37. "Iraqi Catholic asylum seekers in Turkey suffer neglect and poverty - Turkish Daily News Dec 04, 2006". Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  38. "The Silent Treatment": Fleeing Iraq, Surviving in Jordan: VIII. The Response of Other Countries to Iraqis Fleeing War and Persecution
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