Tampere

Tampere (/ˈtæmpəreɪ/, US also /ˈtæmpərə, ˈtɑːmpəreɪ/,[7][8] Finnish: [ˈtɑmpere] (listen); Swedish: Tammerfors [tɑmːærˈforsː] (listen); Latin: Tammerforsia[9]) is a city in Pirkanmaa in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries; it has a population of 238,140 with the urban area holding 334,112 people[10] and the metropolitan area, also known as the Tampere sub-region, holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2 (1,920 sq mi).[11] Tampere is the second-largest urban area[12] and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland, after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area, within which both Helsinki and Espoo are located. Tampere is a major urban, economic, and cultural hub for central Finland.

Not to be confused with Tamperer.

Tampere

Tammerfors
City
Tampereen kaupunki
Tammerfors stad
Clockwise from top-left: the cityscape (viewed from Näsinneula); Tampere City Hall; Särkänniemi (from Näsinneula); Tampere Hall; the skyline with Näsinneula; Tammerkoski from Hämeensilta Bridge; and the Cathedral.
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Manchester of the North, Manse (in Finnish), Nääsville (in Finnish), Sauna Capital of the World
Location of Tampere (in red) in the Pirkanmaa region and the Tampere sub-region (in yellow)
Tampere
Location of Tampere in Europe
Tampere
Location of Tampere in Finland
Coordinates: 61°30′N 23°46′E
Country Finland
Region Pirkanmaa
Sub-regionTampere
Founded1 October 1779
Government
 • MayorLauri Lyly
Area
 (2018-01-01)[1]
 • City689.59 km2 (266.25 sq mi)
 • Land525.03 km2 (202.72 sq mi)
 • Water164.56 km2 (63.54 sq mi)
 • Urban
258.52 km2 (99.82 sq mi)
Area rank166th largest in Finland
Population
 (2020-07-31)[2]
 • City239,076
 • Rank3rd largest in Finland
 • Density455.36/km2 (1,179.4/sq mi)
 • Urban
334,112[3]
 • Urban density1,211.0/km2 (3,136/sq mi)
 • Metro
382,354
Demonym(s)tamperelainen (Finnish)
tammerforsare (Swedish)
Tamperean (English)
Population by native language
 • Finnish94.9% (official)
 • Swedish0.5%
 • Others4.5%
Population by age
 • 0 to 1413.8%
 • 15 to 6470.6%
 • 65 or older15.7%
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Municipal tax rate[6]19%
WebsiteTampere

Tampere is wedged between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres (59 ft), the rapids linking them, Tammerkoski, have been an important power source throughout history, most recently for generating electricity. Tampere is dubbed the "Manchester of the North" for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry, and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse" and terms such as "Manserock".[13][14][15] Also, Tampere has been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World", because it has the most public saunas in the world.[16][17][18][19]

Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres (100 mi) south of Tampere, and can be reached in 1 hr, 31 minutes by Pendolino high-speed rail service[20] and 2 hours by car. The distance to Turku is roughly the same. Tampere–Pirkkala Airport is Finland's eighth-busiest airport, with over 230,000 passengers in 2017.[21] Tampere also serves as an important transit route for three Finnish highways: Highway 3 (E12), Highway 9 (E63) and Highway 12.

Tampere ranked 26th in the list of 446 cities in the world's hipster cities,[22] and it has often been rated as the most popular city in Finland.[23]

By 2021, a new multi-purpose sports and entertainment center, Tampere Deck Arena, is nearing completion.[24]

Names and etymology

Although the name Tampere is derived from the Tammerkoski rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in Swedish), the origin of the Tammer- part of that name has been the subject of much debate. Ánte accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in Proto-Samic *Tëmpël(kōškë), *tëmpël meaning "deep, slow section of a stream" and *kōškë "rapids" (cognate with the Finnish koski).[25][26][27] This has become the most accepted explanation in the academia, according to the Institute for the Languages of Finland.[28] Other theories include that it comes from the Swedish word damber, meaning milldam; another, that it originates from the ancient Scandinavian words þambr ("thick bellied") and þambion ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the shape of the rapids. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word Kvatemberdagar, or more colloquially Tamperdagar, meaning the Ember days of the Western Christian liturgical calendar. The Finnish word for oak, tammi, also features in the speculation,[29] although Tampere is situated outside the natural distribution range of the European oak.[30]

History
The old Tampella factory in Tampere.
The Renaissance Revival Raatihuone (City Hall), 1890; the "red manifesto" was read from its balcony in 1905.
Messukylä Old Church, built between 1510-1530.
The city after the Battle of Tampere during the 1918 Civil War

The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region started farming land in Takahuhti.[31] For many centuries, the population remained low. By the 16th century, the villages of Messukylä and Takahuhti had grown to be the largest settlements in the region. Other villages nearby were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää.[31] The early industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly watermills and sawmills, while in the 18th century other production began to emerge, as several small-scale ironworks, Tammerkoski distillery and Otavala spinning school were founded.[32]

Before the birth of the city of Tampere, its neighboring municipality of Pirkkala (according to which the current Pirkanmaa region got its name) was the most administratively significant parish in the area throughout the Middle Ages.[33] This all changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish pastor,[34] proposed the establishment of a city of Tampere on the banks of the Tammerkoski channel in 1771–1772;[35] it was officially founded as a market place in 1775 by Gustav III of Sweden and four years later, 1 October 1779,[36] Tampere was granted full city rights. At this time, it was a rather small town, founded on the lands belonging to Tammerkoski manor, while its inhabitants were still mainly farmers. As farming on the city's premises was forbidden, the inhabitants began to rely on other methods of securing a livelihood, primarily trade and handicraft.[31]

Tampere grew as a major market town and industrial centre in the 19th century;[37] the industrialization of Tampere was greatly influenced by the Finlayson textile factory, founded in 1820 by the Scottish industrialist James Finlayson. By the year 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the population of the city had increased to 4000 inhabitants. Other notable industries that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were Tampella blast furnace, machine factory and flax mill, Frenckell paper mill, and Tampere broadcloth factory.[31]

Tampere was the centre of many important political events of Finland in the early 20th century. On 1 November 1905, during the general strike, the famous Red Declaration was proclaimed on Keskustori.[38] In 1918, after Finland had gained independence, Tampere played a major role, being one of the strategically important sites during the Civil War in Finland (28 January – 15 May 1918). Tampere was a red stronghold during the war, with Hugo Salmela in command. White forces captured the town after the Battle of Tampere, seizing about 10,000 Red prisoners on 6 April 1918.[39][40]

Prevalent in Tampere's post-World War II municipal politics was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (aseveliakseli), which mostly constituted of some of the municipal councilmembers of the National Coalition Party, People's Party of Finland, and right-wing Social Democrats, trying to oppose the politics of Popular Front coalition of the Centre Party, SKDL and left-wing SDP councilmembers.[41]

After World War II, Tampere was enlarged by joining some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, Lielahti in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and finally Teisko in 1972. The limit of 100,000 inhabitants was crossed in Tampere in 1950.[42] Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these have been largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications during the 1990s. The technology centre Hermia in Hervanta is home to many companies in these fields.[43] Tampere became a high school city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960 and became the University of Tampere in 1966.[44]

Geography

Tampere is part of the Pirkanmaa region and is surrounded by the municipalities of Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Orivesi, Pirkkala, Ruovesi, and Ylöjärvi.[45] There are 180 lakes that are larger than 10,000 m2 (1 ha) in Tampere, and fresh water bodies make up 24% of the city's total area. The lakes have formed as separate basins from Ancylus lake approximately 7500–8000 years ago.[46] The city itself is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi and much smaller Iidesjärvi. Tampere region is situated in the Kokemäki River drainage basin, which discharges into the Bothnian Sea through river which flows through Pori, the capital of Satakunta region.[46] The bedrock of Tampere consists of mica shale and migmatite,[47] and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to traditional granite, there is an abundance of quartz diorite, tonalite, mica shale and mica gneiss.[48] One of the most notable geographical features in Tampere is Pyynikinharju, a large esker formed from moraine during the Weichselian glaciation.[49] It rises 160 meters above sea level and is said to be one of the largest gravel eskers in the world.[49] It is part of a 200 km long ridge system known as Salpausselkä.[49]

Aerial view of the city center of Tampere (Keskusta) and the Tammerkoski rapids passing through it

The center of Tampere (Keskusta), as well as the Pyynikki, Ylä-Pispala and Ala-Pispala districts, are located on the isthmus between Lake Pyhäjärvi and Lake Näsijärvi. The location of the city on the edge of the Tammerkoski rapids between two long waterways was one of the most important stimuli for its establishment in the 1770s.[50] The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city center, there is a north-south park street, Hämeenpuisto ("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which leads from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide Hämeenkatu street leads east-west from the Tampere Central Station to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the Hämeensilta bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city center, Satakunnankatu, which extends from Rautatienkatu to Pyynikki, which crosses Tammerkoski along the Satakunnansilta bridge. The Tampere Central Square is located on the western shore of Tammerkoski, close to Hämeensilta.[51] The traffic center of Tampere is the intersection of Itsenäisyydenkatu, Teiskontie, Sammonkatu, Kalevanpuisto park street, and Kaleva and Liisankallio districts.[52]

Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions
Main article: Subdivisions of Tampere

The city of Tampere is divided into seven subdivisions, each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. There are a total of 111 statistical areas in Tampere. However, the statistical areas made for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the Tampere district division or the residents' perception of the districts, as the Amuri, Kyttälä and Tammela districts, for example, are divided into two parts corresponding to the official district division, and in addition to this, Liisankallio and Kalevanrinne are often considered to belong to the Kaleva district.[53]

Climate

Tampere has a typical subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport (TMP) with only 3 months above 10 °C (50 °F),[54][55] bordering on a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are cold and the average temperature from November to March is below 0 °C (32 °F). Summers are cool to warm. On average, snow cover lasts 4–5 months from late November to early April. Considering it being at the subarctic threshold and inland, winters are, on average, quite mild for the classification, as is the annual mean temperature.

Climate data for Tampere–Pirkkala Airport (TMP), elevation: 119 metres (390 ft),[lower-alpha 1] 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1900–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4)		 9.4
(48.9)		 14.9
(58.8)		 24.2
(75.6)		 28.4
(83.1)		 31.7
(89.1)		 33.1
(91.6)		 32.1
(89.8)		 24.8
(76.6)		 18.4
(65.1)		 11.1
(52.0)		 9.6
(49.3)		 33.1
(91.6)
Average high °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 1.2
(34.2)		 8.2
(46.8)		 15.4
(59.7)		 19.5
(67.1)		 22.2
(72.0)		 19.9
(67.8)		 14.0
(57.2)		 7.5
(45.5)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 8.4
(47.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.4
(20.5)		 −6.9
(19.6)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 3.3
(37.9)		 9.7
(49.5)		 14.1
(57.4)		 16.9
(62.4)		 15.0
(59.0)		 9.8
(49.6)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 4.4
(39.9)
Average low °C (°F) −9.7
(14.5)		 −10.6
(12.9)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 3.8
(38.8)		 8.6
(47.5)		 11.7
(53.1)		 10.4
(50.7)		 5.9
(42.6)		 1.9
(35.4)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 0.3
(32.5)
Record low °C (°F) −37.0
(−34.6)		 −36.8
(−34.2)		 −29.6
(−21.3)		 −19.6
(−3.3)		 −7.3
(18.9)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −14.8
(5.4)		 −22.5
(−8.5)		 −34.2
(−29.6)		 −37.0
(−34.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.6)		 29
(1.1)		 31
(1.2)		 32
(1.3)		 41
(1.6)		 66
(2.6)		 75
(3.0)		 72
(2.8)		 58
(2.3)		 60
(2.4)		 51
(2.0)		 42
(1.7)		 598
(23.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 22 18 16 12 12 13 15 15 14 17 21 22 197
Average relative humidity (%) 90 87 82 70 63 66 69 76 82 87 91 92 80
Source 1: FMI[55]
Source 2: FMI (record highs and lows)[56]

Temperature records of Tampere

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport:[57]

Temperature Records of Tampere
Highest temperatures by month
Month °C Date Location
June32.3°18 June 1939Mouhijärvi
July33.1°9 July 1914Härmälä
August32.1°10 August 1912Härmälä

Highest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:[57]

Pirkkala Airport highest temperatures by month since 1980
Month °C Year
January8.0°2007
February9.4°1990
March14.9°2007
April24.2°1998
May29.3°2014
June31.7°1999
July32.5°2010
August31.1°1992
September24.8°1999
October17.5°1984
November12.4°2015
December10.3°2015

Lowest temperatures in Tampere:[57]

Lowest temperatures by month
Month °C Date Location
January−38.5°9 January 1987Aitoneva, Kihniö
February−40.9°3 February 1966Mouhijärvi

Lowest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:[57]

Pirkkala Airport lowest temperatures by month since 1980
Month °C Year
January−35.8°1987
February−31.8°2007
March−29.1°1981
April−14.8°1988
May−7.2°1999
June−3.0°1984
July1.5°1987
August−0.4°1984
September−7.0°1986
October−16.4°1992
November−22.0°1990
December−33.0°1995

Economy
Tampere's Hotel Torni, the tallest hotel building in Finland[58]
Särkänniemi amusement park is the most popular tourist destination of Tampere

The Tampere region, Pirkanmaa, which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents,[59] 244,000 employed people,[60] and a turnover of 28 billion euros as of 2014.[61]

According to the Tampere International Business Office, the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 15.7% in August 2020.[62] 70% of the areas jobs are in the service sector. Less than 20% are in the manufacturing sector. 34.5% of employed people live outside the Tampere municipality and commute to Tampere for work. Meanwhile 15.6% of Tampere's residents work outside Tampere.[63] In 2014 the largest employers were Kesko, Pirkanmaan Osuuskauppa, Alma Media and Posti Group.[64]

According to a study carried out by the Synergos Research and Training Center of the University of Tampere, the total impact of tourism in the Tampere region in 2012 was more than 909 million euros. Tourism also brought 4,805 person-years to the region.[65] The biggest single attraction in Tampere is the Särkänniemi amusement park, which had about 630,000 visitors in 2016.[66] In addition, in 2015, 1,021,151 overnight stays were made in Tampere hotels. The number exceeded the previous record year with more than 20,000 overnight stays. All that makes Tampere the second most popular city in Finland after Helsinki in terms of hotel stays. Leisure tourism accounted for 55,4% of overnight stays and occupational tourism for 43,2%. The occupancy rate of all accommodation establishments with more than 20 rooms was 57,0%, while that of accommodation establishments in the whole country was 48,3%.[67]

Tampere's economic profit in 2015 was the worst of big Finnish cities.[68] In 2016 the loss of the fiscal year was 18,8 million euros.[69] In the city’s economy, the largest revenues come from taxes and government contributions. In 2015, the city received 761 million euros in municipal tax revenue. In addition, 61,4 million euros came from corporate taxes and 64 million euros from property taxes.[70] Tax revenues have not increased as expected in the 2010s, although the city’s population has increased. This has been affected by high unemployment.[71]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1815793—    
18503,207+304.4%
190036,344+1033.3%
193978,012+114.6%
1972163,609+109.7%
1980166,228+1.6%
1990172,560+3.8%
2000195,468+13.3%
2010213,217+9.1%
2020238,671+11.9%
2030262,777+10.1%
2040272,611+3.7%
Source: Statistics Finland

Tampere has 238,671 inhabitants, making it the third most populous municipality in Finland and the tenth in the Nordics. The Tampere region, which has 410,689 inhabitants, is the second largest urban area after Helsinki.[72] 8% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than Helsinki and Turku but higher than Oulu.[73]

People with a foreign background[74]
Country of originPopulation (2019)
 Russia3,305
 Iraq1,691
 Afghanistan1,405
 Sweden1,142
 Estonia1,088
 China757
 Iran754
 Yugoslavia692
 India665
 Somalia589

Education
Tampere University, Festia building

The comprehensive education is given mainly in Finnish but the city has special bilingual groups where students study in Finnish and a second language (English, French or German).[75] Furthermore there is a private Swedish-speaking school (Swedish Svenska samskolan i Tammerfors) that covers all levels of education from preschool to high school.[76]

There are three institutions of higher education in the Tampere area totaling 40,000 students: the university and two polytechnic institutions (Finnish: ammattikorkeakoulu). Tampere University (TUNI) has over 20,000 students and is located in two campuses, one in the Kalevanharju district, close to the city centre, and one in Hervanta, in the southern part of the city. The institution was formed in 2019 as a result of the merge of University of Tampere (UTA) and Tampere University of Technology (TUT). TUNI is also the major shareholder of the Tampere University of Applied Sciences (Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, TAMK), a polytechnic counting about 10,000 students.[77] The Police University College, the polytechnic institution serving all of Finland in its field of specialization, is also located in Tampere.[78][79]

Tampere University Hospital (Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala, TAYS) in the Kauppi district, one of the main hospitals in Finland, is affiliated with Tampere University. It is a teaching hospital with 34 medical specializations.

Arts and culture

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of the most popular writers in Finland, such as Väinö Linna, Kalle Päätalo, and Hannu Salama, hail from Tampere. These authors are known particularly as writers depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their respective backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the poet Lauri Viita of the Pispala district, which was also the original home of the aforementioned Hannu Salama. On October 1, Tampere celebrates the annual Tampere Day (Finnish: Tampereen päivä), which hosts a variety of public events.[80][81]

Media

Tampere has a strong media city, as the television center in Tohloppi and Ristimäki districts has had a nationwide Yle TV2 television channel since the 1970s,[82] and Finnish radio, for example, began in Tampere when Arvi Hauvonen founded the first broadcasting station in 1923.[82] Yle TV2 has its roots in Tamvisio, which was transferred to Yleisradio in 1964. Kakkoskanava ("Channel 2") has been a major influence in Tampere, and several well-known television programs and series have been shot in the city,[82] such as TV comedies Tankki täyteen, Reinikainen and Kummeli. The Tampere Film Festival, an annual international short film event, is held every March.

In 2014, Aamulehti, which was published in Tampere, was the third largest newspaper in Finland in terms of circulation, after Helsingin Sanomat and Ilta-Sanomat. The circulation of the magazine was 106,842 (2014).[83] In addition, a free city newspaper Tamperelainen (literally translated "Tamperean", meaning person who live in Tampere) will be published in the city.[82]

The city is also known as the home of the popular Hydraulic Press Channel on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.[84]

Food
Mustamakkara ("black sausage"), a speciality food from Tampere, is typically consumed with lingonberry jam
Tampere claims to be the "wings capital of Finland", consuming over half of the hot wings in Finland. The restaurant chain Siipiweikot originates from Tampere.

A local food speciality is mustamakkara, which resembles the black pudding of northern England. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with lingonberry sauce. Especially Tammelantori square in the district of Tammela is known for its mustamakkara kiosks.[85]

A newer Tampere tradition are munkki, fresh sugary doughnuts that are sold in several cafés around Tampere, but most traditionally in Pyynikki observation tower.[86]

Music

Tampere is home to the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra (Tampere Filharmonia), which is one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; the other one is located in Helsinki. The orchestra's home venue is the Tampere Hall, and their concerts include classical, popular, and film music. Tampere Music Festivals organises three international music events: The Tampere Jazz Happening each November, and in alternate years The Tampere Vocal Music Festival and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by Tampere University of Applied Sciences and Tampere Conservatoire. Tammerfest, Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July. The Tampere Floral Festival is an annual event, held each Summer.

Manserock became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists included Juice Leskinen, Virtanen, Kaseva, Popeda, and Eppu Normaali. In 1977, Poko Records, the first record company in Tampere, was founded.

In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and heavy/black metal; one of the most important metal music events in Tampere is the Sauna Open Air Metal Festival.[87] Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include Negative, Uniklubi, and Lovex. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (Maailmantango).[88]

Theatre
The Tampere Theatre (Finnish: Tampereen Teatteri)

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as Tampereen Työväen Teatteri, Tampereen Teatteri, and Pyynikin Kesäteatteri, which is an open-air theatre with the oldest revolving auditorium in Europe. The Tampere Theatre Festival (Tampereen teatterikesä) is an international theatre festival held in the city each August.

Religion
Cathedral of Tampere in the Jussinkylä district, designed by Finnish architect Lars Sonck
The Old Church (Vanha kirkko) on the edge of the Tampere Central Square.

As is the case with most of the rest of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. One Lutheran church in Tampere is Finlayson Church in the district by the same name. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to charismatic. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the Tampere Pentecostal Church. English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the Anglican Church in Finland and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross[89] also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a LDS stake (diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the Baptist Church, the Evangelical Free Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Nokia Revival.

The Jews had an organized community until 1981. Though a small number of Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time.[90]

City rivalry with Turku

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of Turku, the first capital of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after Helsinki.[91][92] This hostility is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, mustamakkara, the state of the Aura River in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the post-glacial rebound and push the city back into the Baltic Sea.[93]

Sites of interest
Tammerkoski and Näsijärvi seen from Näsinneula.
The Kaleva Church, designed by Reima and Raili Pietilä, in Liisankallio.
Interior of the Tampere Market Hall.

One of the main tourist attractions is the Särkänniemi amusement park, which includes the landmark Näsinneula tower, topped by a revolving restaurant. In addition to these, it used to house a dolphinarium. Other sites of interest are Tampere Cathedral, Tampere City Hall, Tampere Central Library Metso ("Capercaillie"), Kaleva Church (both designed by Reima Pietilä), the Tampere Hall (along Hämeenkatu) for conferences and concerts, the Tampere Market Hall and historical Pyynikki observation tower.

Tampere has at least seven hotels, the most noteworthy of which are Hotel Tammer, Hotel Ilves, and Hotel Torni, the tallest hotel building in Finland.[58]

Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to Vladimir Lenin. The museum is housed in the Tampere Workers' Hall (along Hallituskatu) where during a subsequent Bolshevik conference in the city, Lenin met Joseph Stalin for the first time. Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for Sweden in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian Okhrana. Lenin would not return to any part of the Russian Empire until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

There are many museums and galleries, including:

Pispala
Main article: Pispala

Pispala is a ridge located between the two lakes. It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising 80 metres (260 ft) above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around 160 metres (520 ft) above sea level. It was used to house the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of Suur-Pirkkala and its successor Pohjois-Pirkkala. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. Currently it is a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring Pyynikki it forms an important historical area of Tampere.

Events

Sports
Tampere Stadium (or Ratina Stadium) in February 2007

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by ice hockey. The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of Pyhäjärvi. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Two exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: Ilves and Tappara. They both have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland. The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the Hakametsä arena, are both located in Tampere. Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, Tampere Deck Arena, began in 2018, and is supposed to be finished by 2021. The name of the new arena will be UROS LIVE.[100]

Association football is also a popular sport in Tampere. Ilves alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams. Basketball is another popular sport in Tampere. The city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, Tampereen Pyrintö, plays on the highest level (Korisliiga) and was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014. Tampere Saints is the American football club in the city. The Saints won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the Maple League (division 1) in summer 2017.

Tampere hosted some of the preliminaries for the 1952 Summer Olympics, the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships and was co-host of the EuroBasket 1967. The city also hosted two canoe sprint world championships, in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the World Rowing Junior Championships and in 1995 the Senior World Rowing Championships. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th European Youth Olympic Festival from 17 to 25 July 2009 and the 2010 World Ringette Championships from 1 to 6 November at Hakametsä arena.

Concerts

Ratina Stadium of Tampere has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour in 2015 by the band Nightwish.[101][102] Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include Iron Maiden (Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, 2008), Bruce Springsteen (Working on a Dream Tour, 2009), AC/DC (Black Ice World Tour, 2010), Red Hot Chili Peppers (I'm with You World Tour, 2012), Bon Jovi (Because We Can World Tour, 2013), Robbie Williams (The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour, 2017) and Rammstein (Rammstein Stadium Tour, 2019).

Transport
Bus terminals at the Tampere Central Square (Finnish: Keskustori)
Tampere–Pirkkala Airport

Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example, Helsinki, Turku and the Port of Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, and Pori. The Tampere Central Railway Station is located in the city center. There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland. To the south of Tampere, there is the Tampere Ring Road, which is important for car traffic and which is part of Finnish highways number 3 (on the west side) and number 9 (on the east side). Teiskontie, which runs east of the city center, is part of Highway 12 in the direction of Lahti.

Tampere is served by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport, located in neighboring municipality Pirkkala some 13 km (8 mi) southwest of the city.

Train from Helsinki to Kolari stopping at Tampere

The public transport network in Tampere currently consists solely of a bus network. Between 1948 and 1976 the city also had an extensive trolleybus network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland.[103] As of 2017, construction is underway for a light rail system in the city to replace some of the more popular bus lines (see Tampere light rail), as well as initiating commuter rail service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of Nokia and Lempäälä.[104] Light rail traffic is expected to begin in August 2021.[105]

Distances to other cities

Government

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of four years by the city council. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure.

Mayors over time

Notable people

Born before 1900
James Finlayson, Scottish Quaker and industrialist best known for founding the Finlayson company
J. K. Paasikivi, the Prime Minister of Finland and later the 7th President of Finland

Born after 1900
Aleksander Barkov, ice hockey player
Väinö Linna, author of The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy
Sanna Marin, current Prime Minister of Finland

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland

Twin towns – sister cities

Tampere is twinned with:

Friendship cities

Tampere has two additional "friendship cities":

See also

Notes
  1. Mean value of the airport and not the weather station

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