Iris leptophylla

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris leptophylla
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
Species:
I. leptophylla
Binomial name
Iris leptophylla
Lingelsh. ex H.Limpr.
Synonyms[1]

Iris sichuanensis'; Y.T.Zhao

Description

It has a thick rhizome,[2][3][4] which is swollen and tuber-like.[2] It is between 1.2 – 1.5 cm in diameter,[2][3] and brown or grey-brown in colour.[4] Under the rhizome are fibrous secondary roots,[3] which are yellow-white.[4] On top of the rhizome, are the brown fibrous remains of last seasons leaves.[2][4] They emit an odour.[3] The rhizomes grow slowly.[3]

It has thin, linear leaves, that are greyish green, with a distinct rib (or midvein) and acuminate (pointed) end.[2][3][4] They can grow up to between 15–35 cm (6–14 in) long,[2][3][5] and between 0.2 and 1 cm wide.[2][4] They appear in April.[5]

It has a slender stem, about 2 mm in diameter,[4] that can grow up to between 15–35 cm (6–14 in) tall.[6][7][8]

The stem has 3 or 4 green, lanceolate spathes (leaves of the flower bud). They are between 3.5–8 cm (1–3 in) long and between 1 and 1.8 cm wide. They also have a distinct rib (or midvein) and (scarious) membranous edges.[2][4]

The stems hold between 2 or 3 terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in late spring to early summer,[9] between April to May,[2][4][5] or from May to June (in Europe).[3]

The fragrant flowers,[3][5] (with a primrose-like fragrance,[6]) are 3.4–6 cm (1–2 in) in diameter,[2][3][4] they come in shades of purple,[5] including blue-purple,[4] violet,[2][6] lavender pink.[3][7]

It has very short pedicels,[2] and a flared,[4] perianth tube of 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long,[2][3] and up to 1.5 cm in diameter.[4]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[10] The falls are obovate or spatulate (spoon-like) shaped, 5–5.5 cm (2–2 in) long and 2 cm wide.[2][4] In the centre of the petal is a yellow,[2] or white beard.[3] They also have a dissected yellow crest.[6][7] The erect standards are lanceolate,3.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long and between 0.5–1 cm wide.[2][4]

It has stamens that are between 1,[4] to 4 cm long.[2] It also has white anthers.[4] The light blue,[4] style branches are about 4.5 cm long,[2] with blue and white stripes.[4]

After the iris has flowered, between May to June,[4] or May to July.[2] it produces an ovoid,[4] or cylindric seed capsule.[2] Which is 4 cm long and 1.3 cm wide, with an acute point,[2] and 6 prominent veins.[4] It dehisces (splits open) laterally, to reveal pear shaped, dark brown seeds, with a brown aril (appendage).[4]

Biochemistry

In 2003, a study was carried out the rhizomes of Iris leptophylla, using chromatography and recrystallization. It found eight compounds (including 5 flavonoids), 'tectorigenin irisflorentin' (I), 'tectorigenin irilone' (II), wild Tectoridin iridin (III), Tectoridin tectoridin (IV), Tectoridin irilone-4'-glucoside (V), the last three compounds were daucosterol (VI), β- sitosterol (VII), octadecyl acid (VIII).[11]

In February 2007, a spectroscopic chemical compound study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris leptophylla, it found several isoflavonoid glucosides, including irisleptophyllidin, (C24H24O12 ,[12]) nigricanin, irifloside and irigenin.[13]

In 2009, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 10 Irises found in China, it found the chromosome counts.[14]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[10] It has a chromosome count of 2n=26.[3][14]

Taxonomy

It is written as 薄叶鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as bo ye yuan wei in Pidgin.[15]

It is commonly known as 'thin-leaf iris' (in China).[4][11][15]

The Latin specific epithet leptophylla refers to leptophyllus -a -um fine- or slender-leaved.[16]

The iris was originally collected by Hans Wolfgang Limpricht on 18 April 1914 in Wenchuan, of Sichuan in China.[4][17]

It was then first published and described by Alexander von Lingelsheim in 'Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis', Beihefte. (Edited by Friedrich Fedde) (Fedd. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih.) Vol.12 on page 325 in 1922.[6][15][18]

It was originally placed within the Nepalensis subgenus by Brian Mathew,[7] but later it was suggested it should be placed in the 'Pseudoregelia Section' by Dr David Cutler of Kew in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Vol.90 pages253-303 in 1985.[6]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003, then updated on 6 January 2005.[15]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.[19]

Iris leptophylla is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS.[20]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia.[15]

Range

It is found in China,[5][7] within the provinces of Sichuan,[6][19] and Guangxi (or Gansu).[3][4][15]

Habitat

It grows on the edges of forests, in grassland and meadows, on hillsides and rocky slopes.[2][3][19]

They can be found at an altitude of 2,600 to 3,200 m (8,500 to 10,500 ft) above sea level.[2][3]

Conservation

Iris leptophylla is an endangered plant.[3]

Cultivation

It prefers to be grown in well-drained soils,[5][8] (with grit and humus),[9] in full sun.[8][9] But it can tolerate partial shade.[5]

It is not hardy in the UK, so needs to be grown within an alpine house or bulb frame.[8]

In milder positions, (including some parts of Europe) it can be grown in a rock garden.[5]

A Herbarium specimen exists in the Department of Botany within the Swedish Museum of Natural History.[17]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[21]

Uses

The rhizomes of the plant can be used in herbal medicines to be used as a laxative.[4] The rhizomes also contain as isoflavone (containing a scent) which is used in perfumery.[3]

References
  1. "Iris leptophylla Lingelsh. ex H.Limpr. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  2. "FOC Vol. 24 Page 310". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  3. "Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia". irisbotanique.com. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  4. "Iris leptophylla". frps.eflora.cn (Flora of China System Location). Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  5. "Iris leptophylla". anemona.be. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  6. Franco, Alain (6 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris leptophylla Lingelsheim". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  7. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  8. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  9. "Iris leptophylla". kevockgarden.co.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  10. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
  11. Rong, Li; Minjian, Qin (2003). "Studies on the Constituents of Iris leptophylla". Technology of China Pharmaceuticals (2): 122–124. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  12. John Buckingham, V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM, p. 640, at Google Books
  13. Qin, Min-Jian; Li, Rong; Wang, Xin; Ye, Wen-Cai (February 2007). "New Isoflavonoid Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Iris leptophylla Lingelsh". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 49 (2): 213–217. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00378.x.
  14. Yu, Xiao-Fang; Zhang, Hai-Qing; Yuan, Ming; Zhou, Yong-Hong (2009). "Karyotype studies on ten Iris species (Iridaceae) from Sichuan, China" (PDF). Caryologia. 62 (3): 253–260. doi:10.1080/00087114.2004.10589690. S2CID 83329044. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  15. "Iris leptophylla". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  16. D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 245, at Google Books
  17. "Type of Iris leptophylla Lingelsh. ex H.Limpr. [family IRIDACEAE]". jstor.org. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. "Iris leptophylla Lingelsh. ex H.Limpr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 325 (1922)". kew.org. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  19. "Iris leptophylla". eol.org. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  20. "Iris leptophylla". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  21. David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Sources
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 203.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
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