July 1943

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July 25, 1943: Allied bombers begin the destruction of Hamburg and 30,000 people
July 3, 1943: Residents begin moving into the "secret city", Oak Ridge, Tennessee
July 25, 1943: The reign of Il Duce, Benito Mussolini, ends in after 17 years

The following events occurred in July 1943:

July 1, 1943 (Thursday)
  • The death sentence, for treason, of German-born American Max Stephan was commuted by U.S. President Roosevelt to life imprisonment, seven hours before Stephan was to be hanged. Stephan had been convicted of harboring a German prisoner of war who had escaped from a POW camp in Ontario.[1]
  • The United States Women's Army Corps (WAC) was converted to full status, changing its name from the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps, and U.S. Army Major Oveta Culp Hobby as the first Director.[2]
  • The Nurse Training Act was passed by the United States Congress, creating the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps.[3]
  • Adolf Eichmann was granted full authority by Martin Bormann to use the Gestapo in enforcement of "the permanent elimination of Jews from the territories of Greater Germany".[4]
  • U.S. forces defeated the Japanese in the Battle of Viru Harbor on the island of New Georgia.
  • Romanian Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu met with the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome and pleaded with him to lead a bid by the countries aligned with Germany to leave the Axis. Mussolini refused to commit to the plan.[5]
  • An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, a six-volume secret report compiled by the Population and Race Section of the Research Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare, was completed and submitted to the Prime Minister, setting the blueprint for imposing Japanese names, the Japanese language and the Shinto religion on all minorities within the Empire.[6]
  • Tokyo City was administratively merged with its prefecture to form the special wards of Tokyo.

July 2, 1943 (Friday)

July 3, 1943 (Saturday)

July 4, 1943 (Sunday)

July 5, 1943 (Monday)

July 6, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • The town of Boise City, Oklahoma was mistakenly bombed by a U.S. Army Air Forces plane that had taken off from the nearby Dalhart Army Air Base in Texas. The pilot, sent on a training mission to drop explosives on a practice range near Conlen, Texas, got off course, mistook Boise City for the range, and dropped five bombs on the town. Although there was slight damage to buildings, nobody was injured, and the air raid was stopped after the town was blacked out by an alert power plant worker.[15]
  • The Battle of Kula Gulf was fought between U.S. and Japanese warships off the island of Kolombangara with an inconclusive result. The American cruiser Helena and the Japanese destroyers Nagatsuki and Niizuki were sunk.
  • Yeshwantrao Holkar II, the 33-year-old Maharaja of Indore, described as "one of the wealthiest men in the world", was granted a divorce from his American wife, the Maharanee Margaret Lawlor, in proceedings in Reno, Nevada.[16]

July 7, 1943 (Wednesday)

July 8, 1943 (Thursday)
  • Sir Harry Oakes, 68, American-born British entrepreneur, was found beaten to death in his mansion in Nassau in the Bahamas. The search for Oakes, described once as one of the two wealthiest men in America, was made after he failed to appear for a scheduled golf game with the Duke of Windsor, the former King who had become the British Governor of the Bahamas. The case was never solved, and the murderer of Oakes was never discovered.[20]
  • The Jamaica Labour Party, which rivals the People's National Party and is in opposition in Jamaica as of February 2015, was founded by Alexander Bustamante.[21]
  • The German submarines U-232 and U-514 were lost to enemy action.
  • Born: Joel Siegel, American film critic for Good Morning America, in Los Angeles (d. 2007); and Guido Marzulli, Italian painter, in Bari
  • Died:
    • Jean Moulin, 44, a leader of the French Resistance against the Nazi German occupation of France, after being tortured by the Nazi Gestapo
    • Edward Haight, 17, became the youngest person to ever die in the electric chair in New York, as he was executed for the September murder of two young girls ten months earlier.[22]
    • Levi Mosley, a seasonal farm laborer died, in a hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. When Mosley failed to report to his local draft board in December, the FBI would be called in and begin a nine-year search for Mosley, which would not end until 1953 when his death was discovered.[23]

July 9, 1943 (Friday)
  • A German air raid killed 108 people, many of them children, in a movie theater, in the British town of East Grinstead. Schoolchildren were inside the Whitehall Cinema, watching a Hopalong Cassidy film, when air raid sirens sounded. At 5:17 pm, a wave of German bombers struck the town, leveling the theater with one bomb, followed by a second. Another 235 people were seriously injured.[24]
  • The United States Congress recessed for the first time in four years, after the nation's legislators had passed on vacations since 1939.[25]
  • The German submarines U-435 and U-590 were lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Born: Soledad Miranda, Spanish-born Portuguese actress, in Seville (killed in car wreck, 1970)

July 10, 1943 (Saturday)
  • The Allied invasion of Sicily began as U.S., British and Canadian forces landed on the large Italian island at 0245 GMT (4:45 am local time), with the U.S. Third Infantry Division, codenamed the "Dime Force", coming ashore at the beaches of the port city of Licata.[26] The Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army arrived with 180,000 men on 2,590 ships in "the largest sea-borne assault" of World War II.[27] Defending Sicily were 230,000 Italian and 40,000 German troops.[28] Earlier, the Allies released 147 military gliders from towing aircraft, to glide in silently. Of those, 69 were released too early and landed in the ocean, drowning 252 men. Only 12 of the 147 gliders landed in the target area.[29]
  • The American destroyer USS Maddox was bombed and sunk off Gela, Sicily by an Italian Junkers Ju 87.
  • The Battle of Enogai began between U.S. and Japanese forces in New Georgia.
  • Born: Arthur Ashe, African-American tennis player, winner of titles at U.S. Open (1968), Australian Open (1970) and Wimbledon (1975); in Richmond, Virginia (d. 1993)

July 11, 1943 (Sunday)

July 12, 1943 (Monday)

July 13, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • University of Munich student Alexander Schmorell, 25, and university Professor Karl Huber, 49, were both executed by guillotine at Munich's Stadelheim Prison after being convicted of prison for distributing anti-Nazi literature for the secret organization White Rose. On the same day, trial was held for four other students who were White Rose defendants— Wilhelm Geyer, Manfred Eickemeyer, Josef Soehngen and Harald Dohrn. People's Court chief judge Roland Freisler was absent, and the case was tried before the more lenient Judge Schwingenschlögl. All four were acquitted of the most serious charges and convicted on the less serious crime of failing to report treason. Soehngen received a six-month sentence, with credit for time served, while the other three were ordered to pay court costs.[35]
  • The German submarines U-487 and U-607 were lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
  • The American League defeated the National League 5-3 in the 11th Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Shibe Park in Philadelphia.
  • Died: Luz Long, 30, German track and field athlete and 1936 Olympic silver medalist, of wounds suffered while fighting against the Allied invasion of Sicily

July 14, 1943 (Wednesday)

July 15, 1943 (Thursday)
  • Renzo Chierici, the Chief of Police for the Italian occupied area of France, agreed to a demand by the German authorities to turn over all German Jews who had fled across the border.[37]
  • The Tule Lake Segregation Center in California was created by order of the U.S. Department of War, renamed from the Tule Lake Relocation Center, one of ten internment camps for U.S. citizens with Japanese ancestry. The "Segregation Center" was selected to house those Japanese-Americans "who by their acts have indicated that their loyalties lie with Japan during the present hostilities".[38] The internees who were classified as disloyal would be transferred to Tule Lake from the other nine camps. Included were any who had formally asked for repatriation to Japan and hadn't retract their applications before July 1, 1943; persons who had failed to answer or declined to agree to serve in the U.S. armed forces if called; and any other persons who were, in the opinion of a camp director, not loyal to the United States.
  • The German submarines U-135, U-509 and U-759 were lost to enemy action.
  • Born:

July 16, 1943 (Friday)
  • The Norwegian freighter D/S Bjørkhaug, which was hauling 1,800 German mines that had been collected by minesweepers, exploded in the harbor at Algiers, killing hundreds of people who were working on the docks.[41]
  • Allied aircraft dropped pamphlets over the Italian mainland with the message, "Die for Mussolini and Hitler, or live for Italy and for civilization", a message reinforced by Allied radio broadcasts.[42] On the same day, Benito Mussolini, under pressure from other members of the Fascist Party to respond to the invasion of Italy, convened the Fascist Grand Council for the first time since 1939.[43]
  • The Air Ministry of the United Kingdom gave approval for the use of the aluminum strips referred to as "Window", as a countermeasure against German radar.[44]
  • Nazi officials in German-occupied France ordered a roundup of the 13,000 Jews living in Paris, including 4,000 children, to be arrested and deported to the detention center at Drancy, from which they were transported to the Auschwitz extermination camp.[45]
  • Lithuanian Jewish resistance leader Yitzhak Wittenberg voluntarily surrendered himself to the Gestapo in Vilnius in return for an agreement that the Jewish ghetto there would not be liquidated. Wittenberg died soon afterward, either being murdered or killing himself.[46]
  • Father Marie-Benoit, a French Roman Catholic priest, met with Pope Pius XII in hopes of getting Vatican support for the transfer of 30,000 French Jews, from the Italian occupation zone at Nice, to Italy, before the area was turned over to German administration. Benoit was unsuccessful in persuading the Pope to act.[47]
  • The German Office of High Frequency Research was created, with Dr. Hans Plendl as the director.[48]
  • The Battle of Mount Tambu began in New Guinea.
  • The British cruiser Cleopatra was torpedoed in the Mediterranean Sea by the Italian submarine Dandolo. Repairs would take until November 1944 to complete.
  • The German submarine U-67 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by U.S. aircraft based on the escort carrier Core.
  • The Batman brought the comic book superheroes Batman and Robin to film for the first time, in a 15-installment serial that would precede the feature presentation of films from the Columbia Pictures studio. Lewis Wilson, 23, appeared as Batman and Bruce Wayne, while Douglas Croft, 17, portrayed Robin and Dick Grayson.[49]
  • Born:
  • Died:

July 17, 1943 (Saturday)
General von Manstein
Hitler
  • As the tank battle continued in Kursk, German panzer commanders were ordered by Adolf Hitler to withdraw from the battlefield and bring Operation Citadel to an end, despite protests by Erich von Manstein and other German generals that the Soviet forces could be defeated. At the time that the operation ceased, Germany had lost 252 tanks, compared to more than 2,000 lost by the Soviet Union. The battle had 64,000 German casualties, and 320,000 of the Soviet troops.[50]
  • The Allied Drive on Munda Point concluded with limited tactical gains.
  • Japanese forces launched the New Georgia counterattack.
  • The Japanese destroyer Hatsuyuki was bombed and sunk in an American air raid at Kahili, Shortland Islands.

July 18, 1943 (Sunday)
  • General Harold Alexander of the British Army became the first Allied Military Governor of Sicily, as conquest of the Italian island was nearly completed. His first act was to proclaim the dissolution of all Fascist organizations.[51]
  • In the only battle during World War II between an airship and a submarine, the U.S. Army blimp K-74 dropped depth charges on the German U-boat U-134, which fired its 20 mm cannons at the blimp. The K-74 was downed and its crew of ten were rescued unharmed the next day, and nobody was hurt on the U-134[52]
  • The New Georgia counterattack ended in Japanese offensive failure.
  • Born: Calvin Peete, African-American professional golfer, in Detroit (d. 2015)

July 19, 1943 (Monday)
  • Italian dictator Benito Mussolini met with Germany's Adolf Hitler at the northern Italian town of Feltre to discuss Italy's withdrawal from further fighting, but Mussolini reportedly failed to bring the subject up.[43] The two leaders agreed to mount a fighting withdrawal in Italy while the Gustav Line was formed across the 72 miles from the mouth of the Garigliano to the River Sangro south of Ortona.[53]
  • At 11:13 in the morning,[54] Allied airplanes dropped bombs on the ancient city of Rome, three days after the ultimatum had been made to Italy.[55] Italian state radio reported that 166 people were killed and 1,659 injured.[56] The attack, and the prospect of the conquest and destruction of Italy, would hasten the fall of Premier Mussolini.[57]
  • The United States Department of War issued an order requiring that the most troublesome German prisoners of war — "Nazi leaders, Gestapo agents, and extremists" — were to be interned at the Camp Alva PW camp at Alva, Oklahoma.[58]
  • The Warsaw concentration camp, referred to as KL (Konzentrationslager) Warschau was opened with barbed wire surrounding the ruins of the former Warsaw Ghetto, with a few hundred Polish prisoners and foreign Jews being put to work in destroying the remaining buildings, salvaging valuable property that may have been left in the ruins, and attempting to persuade Warsaw's remaining Jews to come out of hiding.[59]
  • The German submarine U-513 was depth charged and sunk in the South Atlantic by Martin PBM Mariner aircraft of the U.S. Navy.
  • Born: Han Sai Por, Singaporean sculptor, in Singapore
  • Died: Yekaterina Budanova, 26, Soviet Air Force flying ace who shot down twenty German aircraft. She and fellow-Soviet Lydia Litvyak were the only two women to be recognized as "aces" for having shot down more than five aircraft.[60]

July 20, 1943 (Tuesday)

July 21, 1943 (Wednesday)

July 22, 1943 (Thursday)

July 23, 1943 (Friday)
  • The Battle of Belgorod began on the Eastern Front.
  • On recommendation of the National Petroleum Council, Brazil banned the use of private motorcycles throughout the nation in order to conserve fuel. Use of gasoline-powered automobiles had been prohibited the year before.[65]
  • The British cruiser Newfoundland was torpedoed and damaged in the Mediterranean Sea by the Italian submarine Ascianghi, which was then depth charged and sunk by the British destroyers Eclipse and Laforey.
  • The German submarines U-527, U-598 and U-613 were lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Born: Bob Hilton, American TV game show host, in Lake Charles, Louisiana

July 24, 1943 (Saturday)
  • Operation Gomorrah, the destruction of the German port of Hamburg began. British and Canadian airplanes bombed the city by night, and American planes followed during the day.[66] By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives would kill more than 30,000 people and destroy 280,000 buildings. For the first time, the British forces used "Window", aluminum strips dropped to distort radar images, against the German anti-aircraft defense.[44]
  • The Fascist Grand Council began its first meeting since 1939. In a ten-hour session that lasted into the next morning, the Council criticized Prime Minister Mussolini for his failure to prevent Italy from being invaded. At the end of the meeting, on a motion by Dino Grandi the Council voted 19 to 7 to remove Mussolini from further leadership.[43][50]
  • The German submarines U-459 and U-622 were lost to enemy action.

July 25, 1943 (Sunday)

July 26, 1943 (Monday)

July 27, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • Major Joseph Duckworth and his navigator, Lieutenant Ralph O'Hair, both of the United States Army, became the first persons to deliberately fly an airplane into the eye of a hurricane. Duckworth piloted an AT-6 airplane to gather data on the storm near Houston, although according to a 1955 book by Ivan Tannehill, The Hurricane Hunters, "several of Duckworth's instructors had flown in into the same storm in B-25s, but were afraid to their boss." Storm warnings were not given for what would be called the "Surprise Hurricane", because of censorship during World War II. Although its winds had declined to what is now called a tropical storm, 19 people were killed and there was 17 million dollars of damage (equivalent to $225,000,000 in 2013). "After the loss of life in this storm", meteorologist Bryan Norcross would write later, weather information has never been censored again." [73]
  • Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, a member of the royal family of Italy who had been named by Benito Mussolini as King Tomislav II of the "Independent State of Croatia", renounced his rights to the throne without ever having set foot in his kingdom. When he was the Duke of Spoleto, Aimone was selected as the figurehead monarch of the puppet state, which had been set up in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. Ante Pavelić, who ruled Croatia as its Prime Minister, accepted the King's abdication and then turned the state into a republic.[74]
  • Government broadcasts from Rome announced that Marshal Badoglio and his new cabinet had ordered the dissolution of the Fascist Council, and that the Fascist Party would be abolished.[75]
  • The Japanese submarine I-168 was torpedoed and sunk in the Steffen Strait by the American submarine Scamp.

July 28, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • In the greatest single-day loss of life in wartime, up to then, more than 30,000 residents of the German port city of Hamburg were killed when British bombers carried out Operation Gomorrha during the night of July 27 and 28th. Because of unusually dry conditions, the high combustibility of buildings in the working class neighborhoods of Billwärder-Ausschlag, Borgfelde and Hamm, and the use more than 1,000 tons of incendiary bombs, a firestorm was created, bringing powerful winds to spread the destruction. Most of the victims died from carbon monoxide poisoning inside basement shelters, and it took two days for the streets to cool down enough for rescue teams to look for survivors. "At the heart of the apocalyptic fire", author Frederick Taylor would write later, "there were no survivors found, none at all." [76]
  • American Airlines Flight 63, from Louisville to Nashville, crashed near the town of Trammell, Kentucky, killing the twenty people on board.[77]
  • U.S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, made a radio broadcast to Italy, urging the Italian people to follow up the overthrow of Mussolini by withdrawing from the Axis powers. "You can have peace immediately, and peace under the honorable conditions which our governments have already offered you," said Eisenhower. "We are coming to you as liberators ... As you have already seen in Sicily, our occupation will be mild and beneficient ... The ancient liberties and traditions of your country will be restored." [78]
  • President Roosevelt gave a fireside chat on the fall of Mussolini. Roosevelt vowed that the fallen dictator "and his Fascist gang will be brought to book, and punished for their crimes against humanity. No criminal will be allowed to escape by the expedient of 'resignation.' So our terms to Italy are still the same as our terms to Germany and Japan --'unconditional surrender.'"[79]
  • At the Old Bailey in London, Communist Party member Douglas Springhall was sentenced to seven years in prison for obtaining information about munitions "calculated to be useful to the enemy." Justice Oliver told Springhall, "I do not think, on your record, it is likely that your purpose was to communicate these things to Germany, but to communicate them to someone I have no doubt whatever."[80]
  • The Japanese destroyers Ariake and Mikazuki were bombed and sunk off Cape Gloucester, New Guinea by American B-25 Mitchell aircraft.
  • The German submarines U-159 and U-404 were lost to enemy action.
  • IKEA, now the world's largest retailer of furniture, was founded in Sweden by a 17-year old carpenter, Ingvar Kamprad, with the concept of selling items at a lower price, for the purchaser to assemble.[81] Kamprad coined the name from his initials, and his address of the Eimtaryd farm near the village of Älmtaryd.[82]
  • Born:

July 29, 1943 (Thursday)
  • The Alaskan island of Kiska was evacuated by the remaining 5,183 Japanese officers, enlisted men and civilians who had occupied the American territory. U.S. ships had been diverted away from the island between July 23rd and 26th, when American radar detected what appeared to be a convoy seven reinforcement ships. With the U.S. warships away from Kiska, the Japanese escaped to their own rescue ships within 55 minutes. When Allied troops arrived on August 15, they were surprised to find that the island was deserted.[83]
  • The British government announced that women under the age of 50 must register for war work.[53]
  • The Italian submarine Pietro Micca was sunk at the entrance to the Adriatic Sea by the British submarine Trooper.
  • The German submarine U-614 was depth charged and sunk northwest of Cape Finisterre by a Vickers Wellington of No. 172 Squadron RAF.

July 30, 1943 (Friday)
  • The world's first jet-powered bomber airplane, the German Arado Ar 234, made its first flight.[84]
  • France renounced the concession that it had held to Chinese territory in Shanghai since 1849.[85]
  • Igor Kurchatov, the Soviet physicist assigned to developing the first nuclear bomb for the U.S.S.R., reported to Deputy Premier Vyacheslav Molotov that the program had advanced significantly from secrets gathered in espionage on the United States.[86]
  • Six German submarines (U-43, U-375, U-461, U-462, U-504 and U-591) were all lost to enemy action on the same day.
  • Died: Marie-Louise Giraud, 39, a French housewife who had been convicted of carrying out 27 abortions, became the last woman in France to be executed by guillotine, with her sentence carried out by the Nazi occupation government.[87]

July 31, 1943 (Saturday)
  • The Battle of Troina began on Sicily.
  • The Brazilian passenger ship and freighter Bage, largest commercial ship in Brazil's fleet, was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of the Sergipe state. The Bage was carrying 129 passengers and 102 crew, and was en route from Belem to Rio de Janeiro when it was struck by a German U-boat. Seventy-eight people (41 passengers and 37 crew) did not survive the voyage.[88]
  • The five-month Allied strategic bombing campaign known as the Battle of the Ruhr ended in Allied victory.
  • General Henri Giraud was designated as commander-in-chief of the French Resistance forces, as the new National Committee of Liberation held its first meeting, establishing a government in French Algeria. General Charles de Gaulle was named as President of the Committee.[89]
  • The German submarine U-199 was depth charged and sunk in the South Atlantic by American aircraft.
  • "You'll Never Know" by Dick Haymes hit #1 on the Billboard singles chart.
  • Born: William Bennett, American politician, conservative pundit and political theorist, in Brooklyn

References
  1. "Traitor Saved by President", Milwaukee Journal, July 2, 1943, p1
  2. Jerry K. Sweeney, A Handbook of American Military History: From the Revolutionary War to the Present (University of Nebraska Press, May 1, 2006) p216
  3. Barbara Brooks Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (University Press of Kentucky, 2003) p190
  4. "Bormann, Martin", in Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide, by Leslie Alan Horvitz and Christopher Catherwood (Infobase Publishing, 2009) p49
  5. Knox, MacGregor (2000). Hitler's Italian Allies. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-139-43203-0.
  6. Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (Yale University Press, 2009) p482
  7. Spencer C. Tucker, A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p1998
  8. "Mystery Town Cradled Bomb", LIFE Magazine, August 20, 1945, p94
  9. Sugata Bose, His Majesty's Opponent (Harvard University Press, 2012) p3
  10. Burton Paulu, British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom (University of Minnesota Press, 1956) p395
  11. Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Kursk: Hitler's Gamble, 1943 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997) p53; William L. Hosch, ed. World War II: People, Politics, and Power (Rosen Publishing Group, 2009) p119
  12. "Monster Tanks Are Hurled Into Battle by Nazis and Reds on Belgorod Front", Milwaukee Journal, July 9, 1943, p1
  13. "Navy Reports Damage to Jap Ships as Surface Units Battle in Kula Gulf", Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1943, p1; "Six Japanese Ships 'Probably Sunk', Four Damaged in Battle of Kula Gulf", Milwaukee Journal, July 7, 1943, p1
  14. "Grable, Betty", in The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, And Canada in World Wars I And II, James Ciment and Thaddeus Russell, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2006) p602
  15. "U.S. Airman, Off the Beam, Bombed Oklahoma Town", Milwaukee Journal, July 7, 1943, p1
  16. "Maharaja Is Divorced", Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1943, p1
  17. Geoff Jones, Northwest Airlines: The First Eighty Years (Arcadia Publishing, 2005) p67
  18. "First Bishop to Iceland", Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1943, p1
  19. "Presidents' Able Assistant Is Dead", Milwaukee Journal, July 8, 1943, p2
  20. "The real-life murder case behind Any Human Heart", by William Boyd, The Guardian (Manchester), November 12, 2010
  21. "JLP Commemorates 69th Anniversary", The Gleaner (Kingston), July 8, 2012
  22. "Boy, 17, Electrocuted for Killing Two Girls", Milwaukee Journal, July 9, 1943, p2
  23. "Man Was Not Draft Dodger, Merely Died", St. Petersburg Times, November 24, 1953 p10
  24. "East Grinstead bombing – 65 years on", The Argus (Brighton, East Sussex, UK), June 25, 2008; "Nazi Bombs Bury Children Watching Movie in England", Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1943, p2
  25. "Congress, Tired and Angry, Takes Its First Leave since 1939", Milwaukee Journal, July 9, 1943, p2
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  27. R. A. C. Parker, The Second World War:A Short History: A Short History (Oxford University Press, 2001) p181; "'Bitter Fightin' on Sicily's Shores", Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1943, p1
  28. Carlo D'Este, Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, 1943 (HarperCollins, 2009)
  29. Carlo D'Este, World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 (Algonquin Books, 1990) pp 51–52
  30. "Allies Take Syracuse and Nine Other Important Points in Drive Into Sicily", Milwaukee Journal, July 12, 1943, p1
  31. Wolfgang Schneider, Tigers in Combat II (Stackpole Books, 2005) p x
  32. Niklas Zetterling, Anders Frankson, Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis (Frank Cass Publishers, 2000) p107
  33. "17 Deaths Are Reported in Florida Field Blast", Milwaukee Journal, July 13, 1943, p1
  34. Dennis B. Worthen, Pharmacy in World War II (The Haworth Press, 2004) p143
  35. Inge Scholl, The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943 (Wesleyan University Press, 2011) p; White-Rose-Studies.org; Third White Rose Trial, July 13, 1943: Eickemeyer, Söhngen, Dohrn, and Geyer (Exclamation! Publishers, 2003) p35
  36. Leonid D. Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis (Taylor & Francis, 1999) p244
  37. Davide Rodogno, Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p399
  38. Dorothy S. Thomas and Richard Nishimoto, The Spoilage: Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement During World War II (University of California Press, 1969) p85
  39. "Diligenti Quintuplets in Argentina", LIFE Magazine, April 10, 1944, p43
  40. "¡Juntos a los 70!". La Nación.
  41. Barbara Tomblin, With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 (University Press of Kentucky, 2004) pp 215–216
  42. "Get Out Of War Quick, Allies Tell Italians", Milwaukee Journal, July 16, 1943, p1
  43. Martin Blinkhorn, Mussolini And Fascist Italy (Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1984) p70
  44. Alan Hodgkin, Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War (Cambridge University Press, 1994) p200
  45. Abraham Malamat and Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People (Harvard University Press, 1976) p1030
  46. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (University of Nebraska Press, 1972) p470
  47. Mordecai Paldiel, Churches And The Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans And Reconciliation (KTAV Publishing House, 2006) p111
  48. Horst Boog, Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5 (Oxford University Press, 2006) pp 198–199
  49. William C. Cline, In the Nick of Time: Motion Picture Sound Serials (McFarland, 1998) pp. 235–236
  50. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945 (Penguin, 2009)
  51. "Allies Shelve Fascist Laws", Milwaukee Journal, July 19, 1943, p2
  52. David M. Kennedy, The Library of Congress World War II Companion (Simon and Schuster, 2007) p333
  53. Davidson, Edward; Manning, Dale (1999). Chronology of World War Two. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-304-35309-4.
  54. Santi Corvaja and Robert L. Miller, Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings (Enigma Books, 2008) p245
  55. "Rome Bombed Heavily By U.S. Planes",, Milwaukee Journal, July 19, 1943, p1
  56. "Axis Tries to Make Propaganda Capital Out of Attack on Rome", Milwaukee Journal, July 20, 1943, p2
  57. Jörg Echternkamp, Stefan Martens, Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe (Berghahn Books, 2010) p121
  58. R. Douglas Hurt, The Great Plains During World War II (University of Nebraska Press, 2008) p339
  59. Barbara Engelking and Jacek Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City (Yale University Press, 2009) p801; Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (Basic Books, 2010) p296
  60. Hugh Morgan, Soviet Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Publishing, 1997) p81
  61. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944 (Little, Brown and Company, 1951, reprinted by University of Illinois Press, 2002) pp 84–85
  62. Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945 (Duke University Press, 1987) p122
  63. "Gen. Upshur, Paddock Die With 4 in Sitka Air Crash", New York Times, July 22, 1943, p1
  64. "Tarnopol", in The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life: Before and During the Holocaust, Shmuel Spector and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds. (NYU Press, 2001) p1293
  65. "Ban Motorcycles in Brazil", Milwaukee Journal, July 23, 1943, p3
  66. "Hamburg Bombing Campaign", in Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Walter J. Boyne, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p290
  67. "Martial Law in Italy as Duce Steps Down", Milwaukee Journal, July 26, 1943, p1
  68. "Ambulance Took Mussolini Away, Newspaper Says", Milwaukee Journal, July 31, 1943, p1
  69. "Blacks in the War", The Logistics of War: A Historical Perspective", Beth F. Scott, et al., eds (Air Force Logistics Management Agency, 2000) p264
  70. William Fotheringham, Fallen Angel: The Passion of Fausto Coppi (Random House, 2009)
  71. "Axis' Yank Broadcasters Are Indicted for Treason", Milwaukee Journal, July 27, 1943, p1
  72. Akbar Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin (Routledge, 1997) p10
  73. Bryan Norcross, Hurricane Almanac: The Essential Guide to Storms Past, Present, and Future (Macmillan, 2007) pp 52–54
  74. "Duke of Aosta Quits Throne of Croatia", Pittsburgh Press, August 1, 1943, p2
  75. "Fascist Party Ordered Dissolved by New Cabinet, Rome Says", Milwaukee Journal, July 28, 1943, p2
  76. Frederick Taylor, Dresden: Tuesday, February 13, 1945 (HarperCollins, 2009) p132
  77. "20 Are Killed in Plane Crash", Milwaukee Journal, July 29, 1943, p1
  78. "Eisenhower Offers 'Honorable Peace' if Italy Ceases Aid to Nazis in Land", Milwaukee Journal, July 29, 1943, p1
  79. "Fireside Chat 25: On the Fall of Mussolini". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  80. Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 585. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  81. "IKEA: Thanks for the first 75 wonderful years!", IKEA website, July 28, 2018
  82. "The story behind Ikea's 'quirky' product names", by Abhik Deb, The Times of India (Mumbai), August 10, 2018
  83. Claus M. Naske, Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (University of Oklahoma Press, 1994) p130; "The Invasion of Kiska: The Aleutian Campaign", U.S. National Park Service; Traveler Terpening, Alaska (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010) p393
  84. Antony L. Kay and John Richard Smith, German Aircraft of the Second World War: Including Helicopters and Missiles (Naval Institute Press, 2002) p31
  85. Christian Henriot and Wen-hsin Yeh, In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai Under Japanese Occupation (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p257
  86. Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko, The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War (Yale University Press, 2008) p56
  87. Steven Ungar, Identity Papers: Scenes of Contested Nationhood in Twentieth-Century France (University of Minnesota Press, 1996) p177
  88. "Big Brazilian Ship Sunk; 78 Are Missing", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, August 8, 1943, p1
  89. "French Armed Forces Unified; Giraud Is Chief", Milwaukee Journal, July 31, 1943, p2
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