Koichi Tanaka

Koichi Tanaka (田中 耕一, Tanaka Kōichi, born August 3, 1959) is a Japanese electrical engineer who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for developing a novel method for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules with John Bennett Fenn and Kurt Wüthrich (the latter for work in NMR spectroscopy).[1][2]

For the Japanese mixed martial artist, see Koichi Tanaka (fighter). For the voice actor also known as Koichi Tanaka, see Koichi Yamadera.
Koichi Tanaka
Koizumi Cabinet E-mail Magazine, No.81, February 6, 2003.
Born (1959-08-03) 3 August 1959
Toyama, Japan
NationalityJapanese
Alma materTohoku University
Known forSoft laser desorption
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (2002)
Order of Culture (2002)
Person of Cultural Merit (2002)
Scientific career
FieldsElectrical Engineering, chemistry
InstitutionsShimadzu Corporation

Early life and education

Tanaka was born and raised in Toyama, Japan, his biological mother died one month after he was born. Tanaka graduated from Tohoku University with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1983, afterward he joined Shimadzu Corporation, where he engaged in the development of mass spectrometers.[3]

Soft laser desorption
with Masatoshi Koshiba and Jun'ichirō Koizumi (at the Prime Minister's Official Residence on October 11, 2002)

For mass spectrometry analyses of a macromolecule, such as a protein, the analyte must be ionized and vaporized by laser irradiation. The problem is that the direct irradiation of an intense laser pulse on a macromolecule causes cleavage of the analyte into tiny fragments and the loss of its structure. In February 1985, Tanaka found that by using a mixture of ultra fine metal powder in glycerol as a matrix, an analyte can be ionized without losing its structure. His work was filed as a patent application in 1985, and after the patent application was made public reported at the Annual Conference of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan held in Kyoto, in May 1987 and became known as soft laser desorption (SLD).[4]

However, there was some criticism about his winning the prize, saying that contribution by two German scientists, Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas was also big enough not to be dismissed, and therefore they should also be included as prize winners.[5][6] This is because they first reported in 1985 a method, with higher sensitivity using a small organic compound as a matrix, that they named matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI).[7] Also Tanaka's SLD is not used currently for biomolecules analysis, meanwhile MALDI is widely used in mass spectrometry research laboratories. But while MALDI was developed prior to SLD, it was not used to ionize proteins until after Tanaka's report.[8]

Recognition

See also

References
  1. Tanaka, K.; Waki, H.; Ido, Y.; Akita, S.; Yoshida, Y.; Yoshida, T. (1988). "Protein and Polymer Analyses up to m/z 100 000 by Laser Ionization Time-of flight Mass Spectrometry". Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2 (20): 151–3. Bibcode:1988RCMS....2..151T. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290020802.
  2. "Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists: Snapshot". Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  3. Peter Badge (2008). Nobel Faces. John Wiley & Sons. p. 488. ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4.
  4. Markides, K; Gräslund, A. "Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002" (PDF).
  5. Spinney, Laura (2002-12-11). "Nobel Prize controversy". The Scientist. Retrieved 2014-06-04. Nobel Prize for Chemistry awarded amid protests that two of mass spectrometry's inventors overlooked
  6. Victor A. Gault; Neville H. McClenaghan (8 December 2008). Understanding Bioanalytical Chemistry: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-0-470-71210-8.
  7. Karas, M.; Bachmann, D.; Hillenkamp, F. (1985). "Influence of the Wavelength in High-Irradiance Ultraviolet Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry of Organic Molecules". Anal. Chem. 57 (14): 2935–9. doi:10.1021/ac00291a042.
  8. Karas M, Hillenkamp F (1988). "Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons" (PDF). Anal. Chem. 60 (20): 2299–301. doi:10.1021/ac00171a028. PMID 3239801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-23. Retrieved 2006-05-11.
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